Preview

State, Religion and Church in Russia and Worldwide

Advanced search

“White Nut” or “Headless Beast”? On the Rock Art of Wadi Sura

https://doi.org/10.22394/2073-7203-2022-40-4-255-272

Abstract

The article examines images of “headless beasts” from the Cave of Beasts (Wadi Sura II) in the rocks of Gilf Kebir, Sahara. Based on a comparison of more than 30 almost identical paintings of “beasts”, it is concluded that the central white figure cannot be considered an anthropomorphic prototype of the ancient Egyptian goddess Nut, as the Czech Egyptologist Miroslav Bárta unambiguously asserts. Nevertheless, the mythritual complex he had spied on actually reveals an inner connection and a number of similarities with the religion of ancient Egypt. According to Vladimir Propp’s observations about initiation rites and egyptological data, parallels are drawn with the later Egyptian tradition. These parallels, however, are found not so much in imagery as in the field of similar cultural and religious principles.

About the Author

A. Murashko
Ca’ Foscari University of Venice
Italy

Andrei Murashko — PhD Student



References

1. Азизян А.А. Две «двери». Обряд инициации и распространение информации на древнейшем Ближнем Востоке. СПб.: Алетейя, 2021.

2. Берлев О. Д. Общественные отношения в Египте эпохи Среднего Царства. М.: «Наука», 1978.

3. Геннеп А., ван. Обряды перехода. Систематическое изучение обрядов / Пер. с франц. М.: Издательская фирма «Восточная литература» РАН, 1999.

4. Коростовцев М.А. Религия древнего Египта. М.: «Наука», 1976.

5. Овузу Х. Символы Африки/ Пер. с нем. СПб.: «Издательство «ДИЛЯ», 2006.

6. Пропп В.Я. Эдип в свете фольклора //Фольклор и действительность: избранные статьи/Сост., ред., предисловие и примечания Б. И. Путилова. М.: «Наука», 1976. С. 258–299.

7. Прусаков Д.Б. Древний Египет: почва цивилизации. (Этюд о неолитической революции) / Отв. ред. Э.С. Кульпин. М.: Книжный дом «ЛИБРОКОМ», 2010.

8. Сказки и повести Древнего Египта / Пер. с древнеегипетск. и коммент. И. Г. Лившица. Л.: «Наука», 1979.

9. Сущевский А. Г. «Тяжба Брюха и Головы» Turin 58004: несколько комментариев к русскому переводу // Петербургские египтологические чтения 2013–2014: памяти Юрия Яковлевича Перепелкина. К 110-летию со дня рождения /Отв. ред. А. О. Большаков. СПб.: Издательство Государственного Эрмитажа, 2015. С. 181–187.

10. Чегодаев М.А. «Привидение гиены» // Петербургские египтологические чтения 2013–2014: памяти Юрия Яковлевича Перепелкина. К 110-летию со дня рождения / Отв. ред. А.О. Большаков. СПб.: Издательство Государственного Эрмитажа, 2015. С. 188–198.

11. Чегодаев М.А. Иеротопия древнеегипетского саркофага // Иеротопия. Сравнительные исследования сакральных пространств / Под. ред. А.М. Лидова. М.: «Индрик», 2009. С. 13–32.

12. Almásy, L.E. (1997) Schwimmer in der Wüste: Auf der Suche nach der Oase Zerzura. Innsbruck: Haymon Verlag.

13. Arp-Neumann, J. (2021) “Negating Seth: Destruction as Vitality”, Numen 68: 157–179.

14. Azizyan, A.A. (2021) Dve “dveri”. Obriad initsiatsii i rasprostranenie informatsii na drevneishem Blizhnem Vostoke [Two ‘Doors’. Initiation Rite and Dissemination of Information in the Most Ancient Near East]. SPb.: Aleteiia, 2021.

15. Bárta, M. (2010) Swimmers in the Sand: On the Neolithic Origins of the Ancient Egyptian Mythology and Symbolism. Prague: Dryada.

16. Bárta, M. (2020) “Guards of the Caverns in Gilf Kebir: ‘Headless Beasts’ or Baboons?”, in J. Kamrin, M. Bárta, S. Ikram, M. Lehner, M. Megahed (eds) Guardian of Ancient Egypt: Studies in Honor of Zahi Hawass, Vol. I, pp. 191–203. Prague: Charles University, Faculty of Arts.

17. Bergmann, C. (2011) “On the Origins of the Egyptian Pantheon”, Carlo Bergmann’s Discoveries [http://www.carlo-bergmann.de/ex2009-10/On%20the%20origins%20of%20the%20Egyptian%20Pantheon.htm, accessed on 22.11.2022].

18. Berlev, O.D. (1978) Obshchestvennye otnosheniia v Egipte ėpokhi Srednego Tsarstva [Social Relationships in Egypt during the Middle Kingdom]. M.: “Nauka”.

19. Brunner-Traut, E. (2001) “Giraffes”, in Redford, D.B. (ed.) The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt, Vol. 2. pp. 24–25. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

20. Changa, I. (2009) “White”, in M.K. Asante, A. Mazama (eds) Encyclopedia of African Religion, pp. 713–717. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE.

21. Chegodaev, M.A. (2009) “Ierotopiia drevneegipetskogo sarkofaga” [The Hierotopy of the Ancient Egyptian Sarcophagus], in A.M. Lidov (ed.) Ierotopiia. Sravnitelʹnye issledovaniia sakralʹnykh prostranstv, pp. 13–32. M.: “Indrik”.

22. Chegodaev, M.A. (2015) “‘Prividenie gieny’” [A Shade of a Hyena’], in A.O. Bolshakov (ed.) Peterburgskie egiptologicheskie chteniia 20132014: pamiati Iuriia Iakovlevicha Perepelkina. K 110letiiu so dnia, pp. 188–198. SPb.: Izdatelʹstvo Gosudarstvennogo Ėrmitazha.

23. D’Huy, J., Le Quellec, J.-L. (2009) “Du Sahara au Nil: La Faible Représentation d’Animaux Dangereux dans l’Art Rupestre du Désert Libyque Pourrait Être Liée à la Crainte de Leur Animation”, Cahiers de l’AARS 13: 85–98.

24. Förster, F., Scheid, M.-H. (2018) “Range and Categories of Human Representation in the ‘Cave of Beasts’, SW Egypt”, in D. Huyge, F. van Noten (eds) What Ever Happened to the People? Humans and Anthropomorphs in the Rock Art of Northern Africa. pp. 301–319. Brussels: Royal Academy for Overseas Sciences.

25. Gennep A., van. (1999) Obriady perekhoda. Sistematicheskoe izuchenie obriadov [The Rites of Passage. Systematic Study of Rites]. M.: Izdatelʹskaia firma “Vostochnaia literatura” RAN.

26. Keller, R., Kny, C., Ehrsam, R. (2010) Ägyptens Erste Gottheit. Bericht über die Expedition 2010 in die ÄgyptischLibysche Wüste /Egypt’s First Deity. Report on the 2010 Expedition in the EgyptianLibyan Western Desert. Basel: Roland Keller [https://www.academia.edu/32291558/%C3%84gyptens_erste_gottheit, accessed on 22.11.2022].

27. Korostovtsev, M.A. (1976) Religiia drevnego Egipta [Religion of Ancient Egypt]. M.: “Nauka”.

28. Kuper, R. and Kröpelin, S. (2006) “Climate-Controlled Holocene Occupation in the Sahara: Motor of Africa’s Evolution”, Science 313 (5788): 803–807.

29. Livshits, I. G. (1979) Skazki i povesti Drevnego Egipta [Tales and Stories of Ancient Egypt]. L.: Nauka.

30. Maspero, G. (1893) “Les Hypogées Royaux de Thébes”, in Maspero, G. Etudes de Mythologie et d’Archéologie Égyptienne, Vol. II. pp. 1–187. Paris: E. Leroux.

31. Olsen, S.L. (2017) “Weighing the Evidence for Ancient Afro-Arabian Cultural Connections through Neolithic Rock Art” in D.A. Agius, E. Khalil, E. Scerri, A. Williams (eds) Human Interaction with the Environment in the Red Sea: Selected Papers of Red Sea Project VI. pp. 89–129. Leiden; Boston: Brill.

32. Owusu, H. (2006) Simvoly Afriki [Symbols of Africa]. “Izdatelʹstvo ‘DILIa’”.

33. Propp, V.Y. (1976) “Edip v svete folʹklora” [Oedipus in the Light of Folklore], in Folʹklor i deistvitelʹnostʹ: izbrannye statʹi, pp. 258–299. M.: Nauka.

34. Proussakov, D.B. (2010) Drevnii Egipet: pochva tsivilizatsii. (Etiud o neoliticheskoi revoliutsii) [Ancient Egypt: Soil of the Civilization (An Essay on the Neolithic Revolution)]. M.: Knizhnyi dom “LIBROKOM”.

35. Quirke, S. (2015) Exploring Religion in Ancient Egypt. Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell.

36. Riemer, H., Krause, S., Bartz, F. (2013) “New Rock Art Sites in the Gilf Kebir, SW Egypt. A Review of Recent Results from the Wadi Sura Survey 2009–2011”, Sahara 24:726.

37. Riemer, H., Kröpelin, S., Zboray, A. (2017) “Climate, Styles and Archaeology: An Integral Approach Towards an Absolute Chronology of the Rock Art in the Libyan Desert (Eastern Sahara)”, Antiquity 91 (355): 7–23.

38. Soushchevsky, A. G. (2015) “‘Tiazhba Briukha i Golovy’ Turin 58004: neskolʹko kommentariev k russkomu perevodu” [The Dispute of Head and Belly’ (pTurin 58004): A Commentary to Russian Translation], in A.O. Bolshakov (ed.) Peterburgskie egiptologicheskie chteniia 2013–2014: pamiati Iuriia Iakovlevicha Perepelkina. K 110letiiu so dnia rozhdeniia, pp. 181–187. SPb.: Izdatelʹstvo Gosudarstvennogo Ermitazha.

39. Taylor, I. R. (2017) Deconstructing the Iconography of Seth. University of Birmingham. Ph.D [https://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/7714/1/Taylor17PhD.pdf, accessed on 22.11.2022].

40. Velde H., te. (1967) Seth, God of Confusion: A Study of His Role in Egyptian Mythology and Religion. Leiden: Brill.


Review

For citations:


Murashko A. “White Nut” or “Headless Beast”? On the Rock Art of Wadi Sura. State, Religion and Church in Russia and Worldwide. 2022;40(4):255-272. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.22394/2073-7203-2022-40-4-255-272

Views: 55


Creative Commons License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.


ISSN 2073-7203 (Print)
ISSN 2073-7211 (Online)