religionГосударство, религия, церковь в России и за рубежомState, Religion and Church in Russia and Worldwide2073-72032073-7211РАНХиГСreligion-580Research ArticleТЕМА НОМЕРА: РЕЛИГИЯ И ВЛАСТЬ В ИРАНЕTHE THEME OF THE ISSUE: RELIGION AND POWER IN IRANСуфийский шейх как придворный советник:случай ‘Имада Факиха КирманиA Sufi Sheikh as a Court Advisor: The Case of ‘Imad al-Faqih al-Kirmanihttps://orcid.org/0009-0009-3107-1278БрыкинаВ. В.BrykinaV. V.

Владлена Валерьевна Брыкина — независимый исследователь 

Москва

Vladlena V. Brykina — Independent Researcher

Moscow

vladabrykina@mail.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-6331-2077ЧалисоваН. Ю.ChalisovaN. Yu.

Наталья Юрьевна Чалисова — главный научный сотрудник

Москва

Natalia Yu. Chalisova — Chief Researcher

Moscow

chalisova@hotmail.comНациональный исследовательский университет «Высшая школа экономики», Институт классического Востока и античностиРоссияHSE University, Institute for Oriental and Classical StudiesRussian Federation2026020720264424778Copyright © Брыкина В.В., Чалисова Н.Ю., 20262026Брыкина В.В., Чалисова Н.Ю.Brykina V.V., Chalisova N.Y.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://religion.ranepa.ru/jour/article/view/580

Становление «исламского мистицизма» —  суфизма —  сопровождалось проповедью мироотречения и презрения к мирской власти. С появлением в XII веке суфийских братств как новых социальных институтов начал формироваться и параллельный нарратив «общения с миром», то есть суфийских наставлений правителям. В эпоху монгольского владычества (XIII —  начало XIV века), а также в раннее постмонгольское время авторитет суфийских шейхов постепенно превращается в их «символический капитал», источник легитимности правителей, соперничающих в борьбе за власть. Богатый материал для исследования механизмов взаимодействия обители (xānaqāh, ханака) и двора содержат сочинения ‘Имада Факиха (конец XIII века —  ок. 1371), прославленного поэта, который на протяжении всей жизни был главой суфийской обители в Кермане, заботился о ее процветании и искал поддержки наделенных властью. Статья посвящена анализу лейтмотивов суфийской дидактики ‘Имада в жанре «наставления правителю»; отражая личную историю взаимоотношений поэта-шейха с царскими патронами, они служат и репрезентативным примером суфийского нарратива «политического совета». В Приложении к статье приводится перевод раздела «Назидание [правителю]» из поэмы ‘Имада «Книга счастья».

The emergence of Sufism, or Islamic mysticism, was accompanied by a preaching of worldly renunciation and contempt for worldly authority. With the emergence of Sufi brotherhoods in the 12th century, a parallel narrative of “communicating with this world”, i. e. Sufi admonitions to rulers — began to take shape. During the era of Mongol rule (13th — early 14th centuries), as well as the early post-Mongol period, the authority of Sufi sheikhs gradually turned into their “symbolic capital”, a source of legitimacy for Iran’s rulers vying for power. The works of ‘Imad Faqih (late 13th century — c. 1371) offer rich material for studying the interactions between the Sufi abode (khanaqah) and the court. A renowned poet, he served as the head of a Sufi khanaqah in Kerman, caring for its prosperity and seeking the support of those in power. The article examines the leitmotifs of ‘Imad Faqih’s Sufi didactics. These poetic motifs reflect the personal history of the sheikh and poet’s relationship with royal patrons; but they also present a formative stage of the Sufi “political advice” narrative. The Appendix provides a translation of a chapter on “Admonition” from ‘Imad’s “Humayun-nama”.

суфизм персидская поэзия суфийская дидактика политический суфизм ‘Имад Факих КирманиSufism Persian poetry Sufi didactics political Sufism ‘Imad Faqih KirmaniReferencesАкимушкин О. Ас-Сухравардийа // Ислам: Энциклопедический словарь. М.: Наука; Главная редакция восточной литературы, 1991. С. 215–216.Aigle, D. (2023) Saints hommes de Chiraz et du Fārs. Leiden: Brill.Акимушкин О. Хирка // Ислам: Энциклопедический словарь. М.: Наука; Главная редакция восточной литературы, 1991. С. 278–279.Akimushkin, O. (1991) “Al-Suhrawardiyya”, in Islam: Encyclopedic Dictionary, pp. 215-216. M.: Nauka; Glavnaya redaktsiya vostochnoi literatury. (In Russian)Бертельс Е. Э. Избранные труды. Т. 3: Суфизм и суфийская литература. М.: Наука; Главная редакция восточной литературы, 1965.Akimushkin, O. (1991) “Hirqa”, in Islam: Encyclopedic Dictionary, pp. 278–279. M.: Nauka; Glavnaya redaktsiya vostochnoi literatury. (In Russian)Ворожейкина З. Литературная служба при средневековых иранских дворах // Очерки истории и культуры средневекового Ирана. М.: Наука; Главная редакция восточной литературы, 1984. С. 140–191.Arjomand, S. A. (2025) Kings and Dervishes. Sufi World Renunciation and the Symbolism of Kingship in the Persianate World. Oakland, CA: University of California Press.Джами Абдуррахман. Книга мудрости Искандара. Весенний сад. Душанбе: Ирфон, 1981.Bābāyī, P. (ed.) (1372/1993) Niẓāmī Ganjavī. Kulliyyāt [Collection of poems]. Vol. 1–2. Tihrān: Muassisa-yi Intišārāt-i Nigāh. (in Persian)Кныш А. Ат-Тасаввуф // Ислам: Энциклопедический словарь. М.: Наука; Главная редакция восточной литературы, 1991. С. 225–231.Bertels, E. E. (1965) Selected Works. Vol. 3: Sufism and Sufi Literature. Moscow: Nauka; Glavnaya redaktsiya vostochnoi literatury. (In Russian)Пригарина Н. И., Чалисова Н. Ю., Русанов М. А. Газели Хафиза. Тексты, переводы, комментарии. Ч. 2. М.: Издательский дом Высшей школы экономики, 2024.Brookshaw, D. P. (2019) Hafiz and His Contemporaries: Poetry, Performance and Patronage in Fourteenth-century Iran. London: I. B. Tauris.Рейснер М. Л. Персидская лироэпическая поэзия X — начала XIII века. Генезис и эволюция классической касыды. М.: Наталис, 2006.De Bruijn, J. T. P. (2011) “Emād-al-dīn ‘Alī Faqīh Kermānī”, in Encyclopaedia Iranica Online. [https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/emad-al-din-ali, accessed on 10.12.2025]. Сиасет-намэ. Книга о правлении вазира XI-го столетия Низам ал-Мулька. М.; Л.: Издательство Академии наук СССР, 1949.Ernst, C. W., Lawrence, B. B. (eds) (2002) Sufi Martyrs of Love: The Chishti Order in South Asia and Beyond. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.Хисматулин А. А. Амир Муиззи Нишапури. Сийасат-нама / Сийар ал-мулук. Подделка, приписанная Низам ал-мулку. СПб.; М.: Петербургское востоковедение; «Садра», 2020.Jami, Abdurrahman. (1981) Book of Iskandar’s Wisdom. Spring Garden. Dushanbe: Irfon. (In Russian)Ал-Худжвири Али Ибн Усман. Раскрытие скрытого за завесой. Старейший персидский трактат по суфизму. М.: Единство, 2004Hismatulin, A. A. (2020) Amir Muizzi Nishapuri. Siyasat-nama / Siyar al-muluk. Forgery attributed to Nizam al-mulk. St. Petersburg; Moscow: Peterburgskoye vostokovedeniye; Sadra. (In Russian)Aigle, D. (2023) Saints hommes de Chiraz et du Fārs. Leiden: Brill.Hofer, N. (2020) ‘‘Endowments for Sufis and Their Institutions’’, in A. Papas (ed.) Handbook of Sufi Studies. Vol. 1: Sufi Institutions, pp. 58–80. Leiden: Brill.Arjomand, S. A. (2025) Kings and Dervishes. Sufi World Renunciation and the Symbolism of Kingship in the Persianate World. Oakland, CA: University of California Press.Al-Hujwiri, Ali ibn Usman. (2004) Unveiling the Hidden. The Oldest Persian Treatise on Sufism. Moscow: Edinstvo. (In Russian)Bābāyī, P. (ed.) (1372/1993) Niẓāmī Ganjavī. Kulliyyāt [Collection of poems]. Vol. 1–2. Tihrān: Muassisa-yi Intišārāt-i Nigāh. (in Persian)Humāyūn-Farrux, R. (ed.) (1348/1969) Divan [Collection] of Qasidas and Ghazals of ‘Imād al-Dīn ‘Alī Faqīh Kirmānī. Tihrān: Kitābxāna-yi Millī. (in Persian)Brookshaw, D. P. (2019) Hafiz and His Contemporaries: Poetry, Performance and Patronage in Fourteenth-century Iran. London: I. B. Tauris.Humāyūn-Farrux, R. (2537 (1357) / 1978) Introduction to Panj Ganj by ‘Imād al-Dīn Faqīh Kirmānī, pp. 3–101. Tihrān: Intišārāt-i dānišgāh-i millī-yi Īrān. (in Persian)De Bruijn, J. T. P. (2011) “Emād-al-dīn ‘Alī Faqīh Kermānī”, in Encyclopaedia Iranica Online. [https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/emad-al-din-ali, accessed on 10.12.2025].Humāyūn-Farrux, R. (ed.) (2537 (1357) / 1978) ‘Imād al-Dīn Faqīh Kirmānī. Panj Ganj [Five Treasures]. Tihrān: Intišārāt-i dānišgāh-i millī-yi Īrān. (in Persian)Ernst, C. W., Lawrence, B. B. (eds) (2002) Sufi Martyrs of Love: The Chishti Order in South Asia and Beyond. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.‘Idālat-Kāshī, F. (1402/2023) Jādū-yi taqābul dar šiš maṯnavī-yi ‘Imād Faqih Kirmānī [The Magic of Contrast in the Six Mathnavis of Imad Faqih Kirmani]. Tihrān: Intišārāt-i Ustād Šahriyār. (In Persian)Hofer, N. (2020) ‘‘Endowments for Sufis and Their Institutions’’, in A. Papas (ed.) Handbook of Sufi Studies. Vol. 1: Sufi Institutions, pp. 58–80. Leiden: Brill.Iskandarī Sharafī, F., Mubārak, V. (2020) “Bāznamāī-yi mażāmin-i axlaqī va ta‘alīmī dar Panj Ganj-i ‘Imad-i Faqīh-i Kirmanī” [Representation of Ethical and Didactic Topics in the Five Treasures of Imad Faqih Kirmani], Pažūhišnāma-yi ta‘alīmī 47: 1–38. (in Persian)Humāyūn-Farrux, R. (ed.) (1348/1969) Divan [Collection] of Qasidas and Ghazals of ‘Imād al-Dīn ‘Alī Faqīh Kirmānī. Tihrān: Kitābxāna-yi Millī. (in Persian)Isti‘lami, M. (ed.) (1386/2007) Šayx Farīd al-Dīn Muḥammad ʻAṭṭār Nišābūrī. Taẕkiratul-awliyā’ [Memorial of the Saints]. 16th edition. Tehran: Zavvar. (in Persian)Humāyūn-Farrux, R. (2537 (1357) / 1978) Introduction to Panj Ganj by ‘Imād al-Dīn Faqīh Kirmānī, pp. 3–101. Tihrān: Intišārāt-i dānišgāh-i millī-yi Īrān. (in Persian)Knysh, A. (1991) “Al-Tasawwuf”, in Islam: Encyclopedic Dictionary, pp. 225–231. Moscow: Nauka; Glavnaya redaktsiya vostochnoi literatury. (In Russian)Humāyūn-Farrux, R. (ed.) (2537 (1357) / 1978) ‘Imād al-Dīn Faqīh Kirmānī. Panj Ganj [Five Treasures]. Tihrān: Intišārāt-i dānišgāh-i millī-yi Īrān. (in Persian)Lambton, A. (1995) “Sufis and the State in Medieval Persia”, in C. van Dijk, A. de Groot (eds) State and Islam, pp. 19–36. Leiden: Research School CNWS.‘Idālat-Kāshī, F. (1402/2023) Jādū-yi taqābul dar šiš maṯnavī-yi ‘Imād Faqih Kirmānī [The Magic of Contrast in the Six Mathnavis of Imad Faqih Kirmani]. Tihrān: Intišārāt-i Ustād Šahriyār. (In Persian)Lewisohn, L. (1999) “Overview: Iranian Islam and Persianate Sufism”, in L. Lewisohn (ed.) The Heritage of Sufism. Vol. 2: The Legacy of Medieval Persian Sufism (11501500), pp. 11–43. Oxford: Oneworld.Iskandarī Sharafī, F., Mubārak, V. (2020) “Bāznamāī-yi mażāmin-i axlaqī va ta‘alīmī dar Panj Ganj-i ‘Imad-i Faqīh-i Kirmanī” [Representation of Ethical and Didactic Topics in the Five Treasures of Imad Faqih Kirmani], Pažūhišnāma-yi ta‘alīmī 47: 1–38. (in Persian)Lewisohn, L. (2019) “Sufism in Late Mongol and Early Timurid Persia, from ‘Ala’ al-Dawla Simnānī (d. 736/1326) to Shāh Qāsim Anvār (d. 837/1434)”, in S. Babaie (ed.) The Idea of Iran. Vol. 8: Iran After the Mongols, pp. 177–209. England: I. B. Tauris & Company.Isti‘lami, M. (ed.) (1386/2007) Šayx Farīd al-Dīn Muḥammad ʻAṭṭār Nišābūrī. Taẕkiratul-awliyā’ [Memorial of the Saints]. 16th edition. Tehran: Zavvar. (in Persian)Lingwood, Ch. G. (2013) Politics, Poetry, and Sufism in Medieval Iran. Leiden: Brill.Lambton, A. (1995) “Sufis and the State in Medieval Persia”, in C. van Dijk, A. de Groot (eds) State and Islam, pp. 19–36. Leiden: Research School CNWS.Mahendrarajah, S. (2019) “The Iranian Interlude: From Mongol Decline to Timur’s Invasion”, in S. Babaie (ed.) The Idea of Iran. Vol. 8: Iran After the Mongols, pp. 159–176. England: I. B. Tauris & Company.Lewisohn, L. (1999) “Overview: Iranian Islam and Persianate Sufism”, in L. Lewisohn (ed.) The Heritage of Sufism. Vol. 2: The Legacy of Medieval Persian Sufism (11501500), pp. 11–43. Oxford: Oneworld.Manz, B. (2009) Power, Politics and Religion in Timurid Iran. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Lewisohn, L. (2019) “Sufism in Late Mongol and Early Timurid Persia, from ‘Ala’ al-Dawla Simnānī (d. 736/1326) to Shāh Qāsim Anvār (d. 837/1434)”, in S. Babaie (ed.) The Idea of Iran. Vol. 8: Iran After the Mongols, pp. 177–209. England: I. B. Tauris & Company.Milani, M. (2019) Sufi Political Thought. New York, NY: Routledge, 2019.Lingwood, Ch. G. (2013) Politics, Poetry, and Sufism in Medieval Iran. Leiden: Brill.Miller, M. T. (2022) “The Qalandar King: Early Development of the Qalandariyyāt and Saljuq Conceptions of Kingship in Amir Mo‘ezzi’s Panegyric for Sharafshāh Ja‘fari”, Iranian Studies 55 (2): 521–549.Mahendrarajah, S. (2019) “The Iranian Interlude: From Mongol Decline to Timur’s Invasion”, in S. Babaie (ed.) The Idea of Iran. Vol. 8: Iran After the Mongols, pp. 159–176. England: I. B. Tauris & Company.Moayyad, H. (1984) “Aḥmad-e Jām”, in Encyclopaedia Iranica Online. [https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/ahmad-e-jam/, accessed on 22.11.2025]. Manz, B. (2009) Power, Politics and Religion in Timurid Iran. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Nouruzi, J., Sadeghifard, M. (2022) “Quality of Mutual Interactions between Al-e Muzaffar and Sufis”, Journal of Historical Researches of Iran and Islam 15 (29): 434–460. Milani, M. (2019) Sufi Political Thought. New York, NY: Routledge, 2019.Nūshābādī, M. (2019) “‘Abd as-Salām Kamūyī; Šayx al-mašāyix-i Suhravardiya dar ‘Irāq-i ‘Ajam, Yazd va Kirmān” [‘Abd as-Salām Kamūyī; Sheikh of Sheikhs of the Suhrawardi Tariqa in Persian Iraq, Yazd, and Kerman], Adyān va ‘Irfān 52.1: 119-141. (In Persian)Miller, M. T. (2022) “The Qalandar King: Early Development of the Qalandariyyāt and Saljuq Conceptions of Kingship in Amir Mo‘ezzi’s Panegyric for Sharafshāh Ja‘fari”, Iranian Studies 55 (2): 521–549.Papas, A. (2020) ‘‘Sufism and Worldly Powers’’, in A. Papas (ed.) Handbook of Sufi Studies. Vol. 1: Sufi Institutions, pp. 255–291. Leiden: Brill.Moayyad, H. (1984) “Aḥmad-e Jām”, in Encyclopaedia Iranica Online. [https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/ahmad-e-jam/, accessed on 22.11.2025].Peacock, A. (2019) Islam, Literature and Society in Mongol Anatolia. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Leiden; Boston: Brill.Nouruzi, J., Sadeghifard, M. (2022) “Quality of Mutual Interactions between Al-e Muzaffar and Sufis”, Journal of Historical Researches of Iran and Islam 15 (29): 434–460.Potter, L. G. (1994) “Sufis and Sultans in Post-Mongol Iran”, Iranian Studies 27: 77–102.Nūshābādī, M. (2019) “‘Abd as-Salām Kamūyī; Šayx al-mašāyix-i Suhravardiya dar ‘Irāq-i ‘Ajam, Yazd va Kirmān” [‘Abd as-Salām Kamūyī; Sheikh of Sheikhs of the Suhrawardi Tariqa in Persian Iraq, Yazd, and Kerman], Adyān va ‘Irfān 52.1: 119-141. (In Persian)Prigarina, N. I., Chalisova, N. Yu., Rusanov, M. A. (2024) Ghazals of Hafiz. Texts, Translations, Commentaries. Part 2. Moscow: HSE University Press. (In Russian)Papas, A. (2020) ‘‘Sufism and Worldly Powers’’, in A. Papas (ed.) Handbook of Sufi Studies. Vol. 1: Sufi Institutions, pp. 255–291. Leiden: Brill.Rāzi, Najm al-Din (1982) The Path of God’s Bondsmen from Origin to Return. Translated from the Persian, with introduction and annotation by Hamid Algar. Delmar, NY: Caravan Books.Peacock, A. (2019) Islam, Literature and Society in Mongol Anatolia. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Leiden; Boston: Brill.Reisner, M. (2006) Persian Lyric-Epic Poetry of the 10th — early 13th Centuries. The Genesis and Evolution of the Classical Qasida. Moscow: Natalis. (In Russian)Potter, L. G. (1994) “Sufis and Sultans in Post-Mongol Iran”, Iranian Studies 27: 77–102.Safa, Z. (1985) “ANDARZ”, in Encyclopaedia Iranica Online. [https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/andarz-precept-instruction-advice/#pt2, accessed on 10.12.2025]. Rāzi, Najm al-Din (1982) The Path of God’s Bondsmen from Origin to Return. Translated from the Persian, with introduction and annotation by Hamid Algar. Delmar, NY: Caravan Books.Safi, O. (2006) The Politics of Knowledge in Premodern Islam. Negotiating Ideology and Religious Inquiry. Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press.Safa, Z. (1985) “ANDARZ”, in Encyclopaedia Iranica Online. [https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/andarz-precept-instruction-advice/#pt2, accessed on 10.12.2025].Ṣarafī, M., Kāẓimī, D. (eds) (1380/2001) Maṯnavīhā-yi ‘Imād-i Kirmānī [The Mathnavis of ‘Imad Kirmani]. Kirman: Anjuman-i Aṯār va Mafāxir-i Farhangī-yi Ustan-i Kirmān. (in Persian)Safi, O. (2006) The Politics of Knowledge in Premodern Islam. Negotiating Ideology and Religious Inquiry. Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press.Siaset-name. The Book of Government by the Eleventh-Century Vizier Nizam al-Mulk. (1949) Moscow; Leningrad: Izdatel’stvo Akademii nauk SSSR. (In Russian)Ṣarafī, M., Kāẓimī, D. (eds) (1380/2001) Maṯnavīhā-yi ‘Imād-i Kirmānī [The Mathnavis of ‘Imad Kirmani]. Kirman: Anjuman-i Aṯār va Mafāxir-i Farhangī-yi Ustan-i Kirmān. (in Persian)Vorozheykina, Z. (1984) “Literary Service at Medieval Iranian Courts”, in O. Akimushkin (ed.) Essays on the History and Culture of Medieval Iran, pp. 140–191. Moscow: Nauka; Glavnaya redaktsiya vostochnoi literatury. (In Russian)Yavari, N. (2020) ‘‘Sufis as Court Advisors’’, in A. Papas (ed.) Handbook of Sufi Studies. Vol. 1: Sufi Institutions, pp. 303–314. Leiden: Brill.Yavari, N. (2020) ‘‘Sufis as Court Advisors’’, in A. Papas (ed.) Handbook of Sufi Studies. Vol. 1: Sufi Institutions, pp. 303–314. Leiden: Brill.

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.