<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">religion</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Государство, религия, церковь в России и за рубежом</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>State, Religion and Church in Russia and Worldwide</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2073-7203</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2073-7211</issn><publisher><publisher-name>РАНХиГС</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">religion-481</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ТЕМА НОМЕРА: ГЛУБИННАЯ ИНДИЯ: ОБЩЕСТВО, РЕЛИГИИ, КУЛЬТУРЫ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>THE THEME OF THE ISSUE: DEEP INDIA: SOCIETY, RELIGIONS, CULTURES</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Слуги: проблемы касты и религии в колониальных бунгало Британской Индии</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Servants: Issues of Caste and Religion in the Colonial Bungalows of British India</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8528-6236</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Сидорова</surname><given-names>С. Е.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Sidorova</surname><given-names>S. E.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Светлана Евгеньевна Сидорова — ведущий научный сотрудник.</p><p>Москва</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Svetlana E. Sidorova — Leading Research Fellow.</p><p>Moscow</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">veta.sidorova@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru">Институт востоковедения Российской академии наук<country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en">Institute of Oriental Studies, Russian Academy of Science<country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>09</day><month>12</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>43</volume><issue>3</issue><fpage>199</fpage><lpage>224</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Сидорова С.Е., 2025</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Сидорова С.Е.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Sidorova S.E.</copyright-holder><license license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://religion.ranepa.ru/jour/article/view/481">https://religion.ranepa.ru/jour/article/view/481</self-uri><abstract><p>В фокусе исследования находятся слуги, которые составляют заметный и устойчивый элемент огромного числа домохозяйств Индии и пронизывают ее социокультурный ландшафт. В статье рассматривается, как это профессиональное сообщество проявляло себя в условиях Британской Индии. Прибывшие на полуостров европейцы в процессе налаживания каждодневной жизни вынуждены были учитывать религиозную и кастовую принадлежность слуг. Приспосабливаясь к предлагаемым условиям, британцы выбирали из местного населения тех, кто мог и соглашался обслуживать их потребности и запросы. В результате в местах пребывания и проживания британцев складывался штат слуг, ранее в такой комбинации не встречавшийся. Оказываясь в условиях имперского домохозяйства в ситуации двойной лояльности — своей группе и английскому патрону, слуги принимали на себя роль медиаторов между двумя «культурными кастами», выступая агентами их взаимного приспособления и, как следствие, появления гибридного, имперского порядка, размывания привычных социальных конфигураций. В статье исследование проблем кастовых и религиозных границ и отношений, актуализируемых через особые трудовые практики в приватном пространстве колониального бунгало, носит эмпирический характер и основано на анализе текстов британских домохозяев.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The focus of the study is on servants, who constitute a noticeable and stable element of a huge number of Indian households and permeate its socio‑cultural landscape. The article examines how this professional community manifested itself in British India. Europeans who arrived on the peninsula were forced to take into account the religious and caste affiliation of servants in the process of establishing everyday life. Adapting to the proposed conditions, the British chose from the local population those who could and agreed to serve their needs and requests. As a result, in the places of stay and residence of the British, a staff of servants was formed, which had not previously been encountered in such a combination. Finding themselves in a situation of double loyalty in the conditions of the imperial household — to their group and to the English patron, servants assumed the role of mediators between the two “cultural castes”, acting as agents of their mutual adaptation, which led to the emergence of a hybrid imperial order and the erosion of familiar social configurations. In this article, the study of the problems of caste, religious, racial boundaries and relations actualized through special labor practices in the intimate space of the colonial bungalows is empirical in nature and is based on the analysis of the texts of British householders.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>Британская Индия</kwd><kwd>колониализм</kwd><kwd>империя</kwd><kwd>слуги</kwd><kwd>домохозяйство</kwd><kwd>каста</kwd><kwd>индусы</kwd><kwd>мусульмане</kwd><kwd>христиане</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>British India</kwd><kwd>servants</kwd><kwd>colonialism</kwd><kwd>empire</kwd><kwd>caste</kwd><kwd>household</kwd><kwd>Hindus</kwd><kwd>Muslims</kwd><kwd>Christians</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Бочковская А. В. «Нести свет и избавлять от тьмы»: полемика по вопросу миссионерства в Индии (Великобритания, 1793–1813 гг.) // Христианство и традиционные ценности Южной и Восточной Азии: история и современность / А. В. Бочковская, Е. В. Гордиенко, К. А. Демичев и др. М.: Ключ-С, 2021. С. 62–75. EDN: DKPTMR</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Бочковская А. В. «Нести свет и избавлять от тьмы»: полемика по вопросу миссионерства в Индии (Великобритания, 1793–1813 гг.) // Христианство и традиционные ценности Южной и Восточной Азии: история и современность / А. В. Бочковская, Е. В. Гордиенко, К. А. Демичев и др. М.: Ключ-С, 2021. С. 62–75. EDN: DKPTMR</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Никольская К. Д. Кастовая проблематика в материалах датской королевской миссии Транкебара начала XVIII века // Вестник Московского университета. Серия 13. Востоковедение. 2022. № 1. С. 125–139. EDN: WSWZBC</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Никольская К. Д. Кастовая проблематика в материалах датской королевской миссии Транкебара начала XVIII века // Вестник Московского университета. Серия 13. Востоковедение. 2022. № 1. С. 125–139. EDN: WSWZBC</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Сидорова С. Е. Домашнее обслуживание: от исследований труда к концепции поддержания порядка // Социальные и гуманитарные науки. Отечественная и зарубежная литература. Серия 9: Востоковедение и африканистика. 2025. № 1. С. 7–39. DOI: 10.31249/rva/2025.01.01, EDN: ITLZAR</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Сидорова С. Е. Домашнее обслуживание: от исследований труда к концепции поддержания порядка // Социальные и гуманитарные науки. Отечественная и зарубежная литература. Серия 9: Востоковедение и африканистика. 2025. № 1. С. 7–39. DOI: 10.31249/rva/2025.01.01, EDN: ITLZAR</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Сидорова С. Е. К вопросу о постановке начального образования в Британской Индии в период Ост-Индской компании // «В России надо жить долго…»: памяти К. А. Антоновой (1910–2007) / сост. и отв. ред. Л. Б. Алаев, Т. Н. Загородникова. М.: Изд. фирма «Восточная литература» РАН, 2010. С. 411–448.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Сидорова С. Е. К вопросу о постановке начального образования в Британской Индии в период Ост-Индской компании // «В России надо жить долго…»: памяти К. А. Антоновой (1910–2007) / сост. и отв. ред. Л. Б. Алаев, Т. Н. Загородникова. М.: Изд. фирма «Восточная литература» РАН, 2010. С. 411–448.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Сидорова С. Е. Между двух миров: англо-индийцы в поисках принадлежности // Studia Religiosa Rossica: научный журнал о религии. 2023. № 4. С. 145–155. DOI: 10.28995/2658-4158-2023-4-145-155, EDN: BTHNHI</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Сидорова С. Е. Между двух миров: англо-индийцы в поисках принадлежности // Studia Religiosa Rossica: научный журнал о религии. 2023. № 4. С. 145–155. DOI: 10.28995/2658-4158-2023-4-145-155, EDN: BTHNHI</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Успенская Е. Н. Антропология индийской касты. СПб.: Наука, 2010.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Успенская Е. Н. Антропология индийской касты. СПб.: Наука, 2010.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">A.U. (1873) Overland, Inland, and Upland. A Lady’s Notes of Personal Observation and Adventure. London: Seely, Jackson, &amp; Halliday.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">A.U. (1873) Overland, Inland, and Upland. A Lady’s Notes of Personal Observation and Adventure. London: Seely, Jackson, &amp; Halliday.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">An Anglo-Indian (1882) Indian Outfits &amp; Establishments: Practical Guide for Persons about to Reside in India; Detailing the Articles Which Should Be Taken out, and the Requirements of Home Life and Management There. London: Upcott Gill.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">An Anglo-Indian (1882) Indian Outfits &amp; Establishments: Practical Guide for Persons about to Reside in India; Detailing the Articles Which Should Be Taken out, and the Requirements of Home Life and Management There. London: Upcott Gill.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Blanchard, S.L. (1867) Yesterday and Today in India. London: W. H. Allen.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Blanchard, S.L. (1867) Yesterday and Today in India. London: W. H. Allen.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Desika Char, S.V. (1997) Hinduism and Islam in India: Caste, Religion, and Society from Antiquity to Early Modern Times. Princeton: Markus Wiener Publishers.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Desika Char, S.V. (1997) Hinduism and Islam in India: Caste, Religion, and Society from Antiquity to Early Modern Times. Princeton: Markus Wiener Publishers.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Domestic Workers Across the World: Global and Regional Statistics and the Extent of Legal Protection. Geneva: International Labour Office (2013). Geneva: International Labour Office [https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/—-dgreports/—dcomm/—-publ/documents/publication/wcms_173363.pdf, accessed on 07.05.2025].</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Domestic Workers Across the World: Global and Regional Statistics and the Extent of Legal Protection. Geneva: International Labour Office (2013). Geneva: International Labour Office [https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/—-dgreports/—dcomm/—-publ/documents/publication/wcms_173363.pdf, accessed on 07.05.2025].</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Eggar, H.C. (1904) An Indian Garden. New York: James Pott &amp; Company; London: John Murray.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Eggar, H.C. (1904) An Indian Garden. New York: James Pott &amp; Company; London: John Murray.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Graham, M. (1813) Journal of a Residence in India. Edinburgh.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Graham, M. (1813) Journal of a Residence in India. Edinburgh.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hassan, N. (2018) “Feeding Empire: Wet Nursing and Colonial Domesticity in India”, in P. Bala (ed.) Medicine and Colonial Engagements in India and Sub‑Saharian Africa, pp. 69–87. Newcastle upon Tyne.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hassan, N. (2018) “Feeding Empire: Wet Nursing and Colonial Domesticity in India”, in P. Bala (ed.) Medicine and Colonial Engagements in India and Sub‑Saharian Africa, pp. 69–87. Newcastle upon Tyne.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hull, E.C.P. (1871) The European in India, or, Anglo‑Indian’s Vade‑Mecum: a Handbook of Useful and Practical Information for Those Proceeding to or Residing in the East Indies, Relating to Outfits, Routes, Time for Departure, Indian Climate and Seasons, Housekeeping, Servants, etc., etc.: also an Account of Anglo‑Indian Social Customs and Native Character. London: Henry S. King &amp; Co.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hull, E.C.P. (1871) The European in India, or, Anglo‑Indian’s Vade‑Mecum: a Handbook of Useful and Practical Information for Those Proceeding to or Residing in the East Indies, Relating to Outfits, Routes, Time for Departure, Indian Climate and Seasons, Housekeeping, Servants, etc., etc.: also an Account of Anglo‑Indian Social Customs and Native Character. London: Henry S. King &amp; Co.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">James, A. (1898) “Housekeeping and House Management in India”, in The Lady at Home and Abroad: Her Guide and Friend, pp. 364–380. London.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">James, A. (1898) “Housekeeping and House Management in India”, in The Lady at Home and Abroad: Her Guide and Friend, pp. 364–380. London.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lady (1846) Letters from Madras during the Years 1836–1839. London: John Murray. Lady Resident (1864) The Englishwoman in India, Containing Information for the Use of</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lady (1846) Letters from Madras during the Years 1836–1839. London: John Murray. Lady Resident (1864) The Englishwoman in India, Containing Information for the Use of</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ladies Proceeding to, or Residing in, the East Indies, on the Subject of Their Outfit, Furniture, Housekeeping, the Rearing of Children, Duties and Wages of Servants, Management of the Stables, and Arrangements for Travelling. To Which are Added Receipts for Indian Cookery. London: Smith, Elder and Co.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ladies Proceeding to, or Residing in, the East Indies, on the Subject of Their Outfit, Furniture, Housekeeping, the Rearing of Children, Duties and Wages of Servants, Management of the Stables, and Arrangements for Travelling. To Which are Added Receipts for Indian Cookery. London: Smith, Elder and Co.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Making Decent Work a Reality for Domestic Workers: Progress and Prospects Ten Years after the Adoption of the Domestic Workers Convention, 2011 (No. 189). Geneva: International Labour Office (2021). [https://www.ilo.org/sites/default/files/wcmsp5/groups/public/%40ed_protect/%40protrav/%40travail/documents/publication/wcms_802551.pdf, доступ от 22.04.2025].</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Making Decent Work a Reality for Domestic Workers: Progress and Prospects Ten Years after the Adoption of the Domestic Workers Convention, 2011 (No. 189). Geneva: International Labour Office (2021). [https://www.ilo.org/sites/default/files/wcmsp5/groups/public/%40ed_protect/%40protrav/%40travail/documents/publication/wcms_802551.pdf, доступ от 22.04.2025].</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mandelbaum, D.G. (1972) Society in India. Berkeley, Los Angeles, London: University of California Press.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mandelbaum, D.G. (1972) Society in India. Berkeley, Los Angeles, London: University of California Press.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Muller, M. (1868) “Caste, 1858”, in Chips from a German Workshop, vol. II, pp. 301–359. London: Longmans, Green, and Co.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Muller, M. (1868) “Caste, 1858”, in Chips from a German Workshop, vol. II, pp. 301–359. London: Longmans, Green, and Co.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Nugent, M. (1839) A Journal from the Year 1811 till the Year 1815, Including a Voyage to and Residence in India, with a Tour to the North–Western Parts of the British Possessions in that Country, under the Bengal Government. 2 vols. London: Printed by T. and W. Boone.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Nugent, M. (1839) A Journal from the Year 1811 till the Year 1815, Including a Voyage to and Residence in India, with a Tour to the North–Western Parts of the British Possessions in that Country, under the Bengal Government. 2 vols. London: Printed by T. and W. Boone.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">O’Brien, B. (2022) The Anglo‑Indians. A Portrait of a Community. New Delhi: Aleph. Parks, F. (1850) Wanderings of a Pilgrim, in Search of the Picturesque, During Four–and–</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">O’Brien, B. (2022) The Anglo‑Indians. A Portrait of a Community. New Delhi: Aleph. Parks, F. (1850) Wanderings of a Pilgrim, in Search of the Picturesque, During Four–and–</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Twenty Years in the East; with Revelations of Life in Zenana. 2 vols. Vol. I. London: Pelham Richardson.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Twenty Years in the East; with Revelations of Life in Zenana. 2 vols. Vol. I. London: Pelham Richardson.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ray, R., Qayum, S. (2010) Cultures of Servitude: Modernity, Domesticity, and Class in India. New Delhi: Oxford University Press.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ray, R., Qayum, S. (2010) Cultures of Servitude: Modernity, Domesticity, and Class in India. New Delhi: Oxford University Press.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Roberts, E. (1837) Scenes and Characteristics of Hindostan, with Sketches of Anglo‑Indian Society. 2 Volumes. London: W. H. Allen and Co. Vol. I.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Roberts, E. (1837) Scenes and Characteristics of Hindostan, with Sketches of Anglo‑Indian Society. 2 Volumes. London: W. H. Allen and Co. Vol. I.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sengupta, R. (2020) The Punkah and Its Pullers: A Short History [https://servantspasts.wordpress.com/2020/08/10/the-punkah-and-its-pullers-a-short-history/, accessed 23.04.2025]</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sengupta, R. (2020) The Punkah and Its Pullers: A Short History [https://servantspasts.wordpress.com/2020/08/10/the-punkah-and-its-pullers-a-short-history/, accessed 23.04.2025]</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit28"><label>28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sherwood, Mrs (1822) Ayah and Lady. An Indian Story. Boston: Samuel T. Armstrong and Crocker &amp; Brewster; New York: John P. Haven.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sherwood, Mrs (1822) Ayah and Lady. An Indian Story. Boston: Samuel T. Armstrong and Crocker &amp; Brewster; New York: John P. Haven.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit29"><label>29</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sidorova, S. (2025) “At the Margins of the Empire-Making Project: Masters, Servants and the Household in Colonial India”, in A. Bochkovskaya, D. G. Sanjukta and A. Prakash (eds) Interrogating Marginalities across Disciplinary Boundaries. Colonial and Post‑Colonial India, pp. 15–41. London and New York: Routledge.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sidorova, S. (2025) “At the Margins of the Empire-Making Project: Masters, Servants and the Household in Colonial India”, in A. Bochkovskaya, D. G. Sanjukta and A. Prakash (eds) Interrogating Marginalities across Disciplinary Boundaries. Colonial and Post‑Colonial India, pp. 15–41. London and New York: Routledge.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit30"><label>30</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Singh, K. (1999) A History of the Sikhs. Vol 2. 1839–2004. New Delhi: Oxford University Press.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Singh, K. (1999) A History of the Sikhs. Vol 2. 1839–2004. New Delhi: Oxford University Press.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit31"><label>31</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sinha, N., Varma, N. (eds) (2019) Servants’ Pasts: Late Eighteenth to Twentieth‑Century South Asia. Vol. II. New Delhi: Orient Blackswan.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sinha, N., Varma, N. (eds) (2019) Servants’ Pasts: Late Eighteenth to Twentieth‑Century South Asia. Vol. II. New Delhi: Orient Blackswan.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit32"><label>32</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Solvyns, B. (1804) The Costume of Hindostan, Elucidated by Sixty Coloured Engravings. London: Published by Edward Orme.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Solvyns, B. (1804) The Costume of Hindostan, Elucidated by Sixty Coloured Engravings. London: Published by Edward Orme.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit33"><label>33</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Steel, F.A., Gardiner, G. The Complete Indian Housekeeper and Cook. Giving the Duties of Mistress and Servants, the General Management of the House, and Practical Recipes for cooking in All Its Branches. London, 1893 (3rd ed.); London, 1909 (7th ed.).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Steel, F.A., Gardiner, G. The Complete Indian Housekeeper and Cook. Giving the Duties of Mistress and Servants, the General Management of the House, and Practical Recipes for cooking in All Its Branches. London, 1893 (3rd ed.); London, 1909 (7th ed.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit34"><label>34</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Williamson, T. (1810) Vade–Mecum or, Complete Guide to Gentlemen Intended for the Civil, Military, or Naval Service of the Hon. East India Company. 2 vol. Vol. I. L.: Black, Perry, and Kingsbury.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Williamson, T. (1810) Vade–Mecum or, Complete Guide to Gentlemen Intended for the Civil, Military, or Naval Service of the Hon. East India Company. 2 vol. Vol. I. L.: Black, Perry, and Kingsbury.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit35"><label>35</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Yule, H., Burnell, A.C. (1996) Hobson–Jobson. The Anglo–Indian Dictionary. Great Britain: Mackeys of Chatham.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Yule, H., Burnell, A.C. (1996) Hobson–Jobson. The Anglo–Indian Dictionary. Great Britain: Mackeys of Chatham.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
