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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">religion</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Государство, религия, церковь в России и за рубежом</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>State, Religion and Church in Russia and Worldwide</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2073-7203</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2073-7211</issn><publisher><publisher-name>РАНХиГС</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.22394/2073-7203-2020-38-1-13-36</article-id><article-id custom-type="edn" pub-id-type="custom">EXGTCI</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">religion-358</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Статьи</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Культ Авалокитешвары и конкурирующие  национализмы сино-тибетского пограничья (1911–1951 гг.)</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Avalokiteśvara Cult and Competing Nationalisms of the Sino-Tibetan Borderlan</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Гарри</surname><given-names>Ирина</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Garri</surname><given-names>Irina</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email xlink:type="simple">irina.garri@imbt.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru">Институт монголоведения, буддологии и тибетологии СО РАН<country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en">Institute for Mongolian, Buddhist and Tibetan Studies of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences<country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2020</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>22</day><month>09</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>38</volume><issue>1</issue><fpage>13</fpage><lpage>36</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Гарри И., 2025</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Гарри И.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Garri I.</copyright-holder><license license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://religion.ranepa.ru/jour/article/view/358">https://religion.ranepa.ru/jour/article/view/358</self-uri><abstract><p>В статье рассматривается зарождение тибетского национализма в сино-тибетском пограничье в период после падения Цинской империи в 1911 году и до вхождения Тибета в состав КНР в 1951-м. Духовным источником тибетского религиозного национализма стал культ бодхисаттвы сострадания Авалокитешвары, который ассоциирует Тибет с государством Далай-лам. Кроме того, на обширной территории тибетского плато имели место и другие национализмы - тибетский коллаборационистский и светский автономистский национализм гоминьдановского или коммунистического толка. В каждом из них религиозный фактор имел большое значение. Тибетский буддизм, благодаря долгой традиции сочетания религии и политики, легко адаптировался к новым условиям и использовался этими национализмами в диаметрально противоположных целях. В статье показано, как столкновение и борьба различных интересов, национальных и религиозных, обусловили победу китайских коммунистов и поражение тибетского национализма в его различных вариантах. Автор отмечает, что культ Авалокитешвары, несмотря на поражение религиозного национализма в 1951 году, стал «иконой» тибетского национализма последующей эпохи, связанного с исходом тибетской диаспоры в Индию в 1959 году.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The article discusses the emergence of Tibetan nationalism in Sino-Tibetan borderland in the period after the fall of the Qing Empire in 1911 and untill the incorporation of Tibet into the PRC in 1951. It argues that the cult of the Bodhisattva of compassion Avalokitesvara was a key spiritual root of the Tibetan religious nationalism, associating Tibet with the state of the Dalai Lamas. Other kinds of nationalisms emerged on the vast territory of the Tibetan plateau, among which the author distinguishes Tibetan collaborative nationalism and secular autonomist nationalism of Kuomintang or Communist types. The religious factor was central in this competition. Tibetan Buddhism, due to its long tradition of interweaving religion and politics, easily adapted to new conditions and was used by various forms of nationalism for diametrically opposite aims. The article shows how the clash of various national and religious interests finally led to the victory of the Chinese communists and the defeat of the religious nationalism. The author argues that the cult of Avalokitesvara, despite the defeat of the religious nationalism in 1951, became the “icon” of Tibetan nationalism of the subsequent period associated with the exodus of Tibetans to India in 1959.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>avalokitesvara cult</kwd><kwd>tibetan buddhism</kwd><kwd>tibetan nationalism</kwd><kwd>sino-tibetan borderland</kwd><kwd>культ авалокитешвары</kwd><kwd>тибетский буддизм</kwd><kwd>тибетский национализм</kwd><kwd>сино-тибетское пограничье</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>Avalokiteśvara cult</kwd><kwd>Tibetan Buddhism</kwd><kwd>Tibetan nationalism</kwd><kwd>Sino-Tibetan borderland</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group xml:lang="ru"><funding-statement>Исследование выполнено при финансовой поддержке РФФИ в рамках научного проекта № 17-01-00117-ОГН</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Андреев А. 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