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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">religion</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Государство, религия, церковь в России и за рубежом</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>State, Religion and Church in Russia and Worldwide</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2073-7203</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2073-7211</issn><publisher><publisher-name>РАНХиГС</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.22394/2073-7203-2022-40-1-198-225</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">religion-182</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ГЛАВНАЯ ТЕМА: МУЧЕНИЧЕСТВО: ИДЕЯ, КУЛЬТ, ТЕОРИЯ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>THE THEME OF THE ISSUE: MARTYRDOM: IDEA, CULT, THEORY</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Мученичество как репутационный проект: кто и как «делает» мучеников</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Martyrdom as a “Reputational Project”: Who and How “Makes” the Martyrs</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Зыгмонт</surname><given-names>А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Zygmont</surname><given-names>A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Алексей Зыгмонт — старший научный сотрудник Научно-исследовательской лаборатории анализа общественных коммуникаций Института общественных наук </p><p>Москва</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Aleksei Zygmont — Senior Research Fellow, Research Laboratory for Public Communications Analysis, Institute for Social Sciences</p><p>Moscow</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">alekseizygmont@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru">РАНХиГС<country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en">Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration<country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2022</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>27</day><month>02</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>40</volume><issue>1</issue><fpage>198</fpage><lpage>225</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Зыгмонт А., 2025</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Зыгмонт А.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Zygmont A.</copyright-holder><license license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://religion.ranepa.ru/jour/article/view/182">https://religion.ranepa.ru/jour/article/view/182</self-uri><abstract><p>Статья представляет собой опыт теоретически-эмпирической разработки одной из моделей в рамках конструктивистской теории мученичества, согласно которой оно является «репутационным проектом». В данной теории мученичество рассматривается не как объективное событие чьей-либо насильственной смерти за некие убеждения, а как его интерпретация — нарратив, созданный постфактум и закрепленный в коллективной памяти. Это означает, что мучениками не «становятся», — их «делают». Предпринятая автором концептуализация мученичества как репутационного проекта делает акцент на субъекте этого нарратива, индивидуальном или же коллективном (который в терминологии социолога Гэри А. Файна называется «репутационным предпринимателем»); на имеющихся у него материальных, символических и человеческих ресурсах, а также конкретных ситуативных предпосылках успеха или же неудачи проекта. В статье предлагается трехчастная типология репутационных предпринимателей, где каждый из типов иллюстрируется рядом примеров: это (1) «автобиографы», которые инициируют проект в отношении себя; (2) «биографы», которые инициируют проект в отношении третьих лиц; (3) «диффузные» предприниматели, представляющие собой коллективный субъект. Наконец, в статье рассматриваются случаи, когда репутационный проект был запущен, но окончился неудачей или оказался невостребованным — то есть кандидат не был в итоге признан мучеником. Анализируя ряд примеров, автор высказывает предположение, почему одни репутационные проекты оканчиваются успехом, а другие — неудачей, а также почему одни мученики становятся популярнее других. В заключении статьи перечисляются предпосылки и обстоятельства, влияющие на исход проекта: качество исходного агиографического материала, его соответствие устоявшейся религиозной традиции, наличие или отсутствие «дела», за которое якобы умер мученик, запрос со стороны сообщества, личность предпринимателя, вероятное противодействие со стороны оппонентов или «отрицателей» мученичества. Особое внимание уделяется «проблемным» феноменам за пределами устоявшихся религиозных традиций или на их границах — в частности, «политическому» мученичеству.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The article deals with the theoretical and empirical development of a model within the framework of the constructivist theory of martyrdom: the analysis of martyrdom as a “reputational project”. Within this general theory, martyrdom is considered not as an objective event of someone’s violent death for certain beliefs, but as its interpretation — a post‑factum created narrative anchored in the collective memory of the community. This means that martyrs are rather “made” than “appear”. The author’s conceptualization of martyrdom as a reputational project focuses on the individual or collective subject of this narrative (a “reputational entrepreneur” in the terminology of sociologist Gary A. Fine); on the raw material, symbolic and human resources available to them, as well as specific situational prerequisites for the project to succeed or fail. The article proposes a three‑part typology of entrepreneurs and exemplifies each type with case studies. These are (1) “autobiographical” entrepreneurs, who initiate a project concerning themselves; (2) “biographers”, who initiate a project concerning someone else; (3) “diffuse” entrepreneur, which is a collective entity. Finally, the article analyzes the cases where a reputational project was initiated but failed or turned out to be unclaimed, leaving a person unrecognized as a legitimate martyr. Stemming from some case studies, the author makes assumptions on why some such projects succeed, while others failed, and also, why some martyrs become more popular than others. At the end of the article, there is a list of the main prerequisites and circumstances that affect the outcome of the project: the quality of the original hagiographic data; its conformity with an established religious tradition; the presence or absence of a decent “cause,” for which the martyr allegedly died; the request from a community; the entrepreneur’s personality; and possible contestations from opponents or deniers of martyrdom. Particular attention is paid to problematic phenomena beyond religious traditions or on their margins, like “political” martyrdom.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>мученичество</kwd><kwd>«политическое» мученичество</kwd><kwd>конструктивизм</kwd><kwd>репутационное предпринимательство</kwd><kwd>репутационный проект</kwd><kwd>Гэри А. Файн</kwd><kwd>жертва</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>martyrdom</kwd><kwd>“political” martyrdom</kwd><kwd>constructivism</kwd><kwd>reputation entrepreneurship</kwd><kwd>reputation project</kwd><kwd>Gary A. Fine</kwd><kwd>sacrifice</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group xml:lang="ru"><funding-statement>Статья подготовлена в рамках выполнения научно-исследовательской работы государственного задания РАНХиГС.</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Агамбен Дж. Homo sacer. 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