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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">religion</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Государство, религия, церковь в России и за рубежом</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>State, Religion and Church in Russia and Worldwide</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2073-7203</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2073-7211</issn><publisher><publisher-name>РАНХиГС</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.22394/2073-7203-2022-40-1-150-175</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">religion-180</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ГЛАВНАЯ ТЕМА: МУЧЕНИЧЕСТВО: ИДЕЯ, КУЛЬТ, ТЕОРИЯ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>THE THEME OF THE ISSUE: MARTYRDOM: IDEA, CULT, THEORY</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Смерть за идеалы и почитание за смерть: к вопросу о мученичестве и его возможных моделях в культуре Индии</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Death for Ideals and Veneration for Death: Martyrdom and Its Possible Models in Indian Culture</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Рыжакова</surname><given-names>С.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Ryzhakova</surname><given-names>S.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Светлана Рыжакова — ведущий научный сотрудник</p><p>Москва</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Svetlana Ryzhakova — Leading Research Fellow</p><p>Moscow</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">SRyzhakova@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ренковская</surname><given-names>Е.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Renkovskaya</surname><given-names>E.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Евгения Ренковская — научный сотрудник Лаборатории исследования и сохранения малых языков</p><p>Москва</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Evgeniya Renkovskaya — Research Fellow, Minority Language Research and Preservation Lab</p><p>Moscow</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">jennyrenk@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru">Центр азиатских и тихоокеанских исследований Института этнологии и антропологии РАН<country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en">Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology, Russian Academy of Sciences<country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru">Институт языкознания РАН<country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en">Institute of Linguistics, Russian Academy of Sciences <country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2022</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>27</day><month>02</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>40</volume><issue>1</issue><fpage>150</fpage><lpage>175</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Рыжакова С., Ренковская Е., 2025</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Рыжакова С., Ренковская Е.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Ryzhakova S., Renkovskaya E.</copyright-holder><license license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://religion.ranepa.ru/jour/article/view/180">https://religion.ranepa.ru/jour/article/view/180</self-uri><abstract><p>Статья посвящена проблеме понимания и определения феномена мученичества применительно к истории и культуре Индии. Применение понятия «мученичество» к разным религиям (в частности, неавраамическим) и к различным обществам ставит перед исследователем ряд проблем, связанных с разным пониманием этого феномена в разных культурах, а также о применении этого термина и его аналогов к тем культурам, где такое понятие изначально отсутствовало. Будучи изначально христианским, понятие мученичества претерпевает трансформации и модификации в зависимости от дальнейшей сферы функционирования — в исламе, светском контексте и др. С учетом постоянных расширений и изменений изначального понятия мученичества в разных культурных парадигмах нам представляется целесообразным выделить некоторые общие компоненты, лежащие в основе этого феномена. Мы исходим из следующих критериев мученичества: во-первых, наличие внешних сил и обстоятельств, причиняющих смерть мученика; во-вторых, наличие благих (с точки зрения конкретного социума) идеи или цели, за которые погибает мученик; в-третьих, посмертная память и почитание, непосредственно связанные с мученической смертью, при которых мученик прославляется за верность идее и/или как образец для подражания. В работе предлагается выделять три возможные модели мученичества, известные в истории и культуре Индии: модель шахадат — страдания и гибель за свои убеждения, как религиозные, так и политические, положенная в основу современного индийского национального «пантеона» мучеников; «кшатрийская» модель, связанная с воинской этикой; и «культово-вернакулярная» модель, лежащая в основе формирования местных почитаемых божеств.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>This article is an attempt to analyze the problem of understanding and defining the phenomenon of martyrdom in relation to the history and culture of India. The application of the concept of “martyrdom” to different (in particular, non‑Abrahamic) religions and to different societies poses a number of problems related to the cross‑cultural conceptualization of this phenomenon and the application of the very term “martyrdom” or its analogues to those cultures where such a concept was initially absent. Being originally Christian, the concept of martyrdom undergoes all kinds of transformations and modifications as applied to different contexts. We therefore start with defining some key criteria of the phenomenon. First, it is the presence of external forces and circumstances causing the death of a martyr; second, it is a reference to some good ideas or goals for which the martyr died; third, it is a posthumous memory and veneration, directly related to the death of a martyr who thus becomes a role model. The authors single out three possible models of martyrdom, known in the history and culture of India: shahadat — suffering and death for one’s beliefs, both religious and political, underlying the modern Indian national “pantheon” of martyrs; the kshatriya model, associated with military ethics; and the vernacular model, which underlies the formation of locally worshiped deities and deified heroes.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>мученичество</kwd><kwd>шахадат</kwd><kwd>шахид</kwd><kwd>жертвенная смерть</kwd><kwd>касты</kwd><kwd>культы</kwd><kwd>Индия</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>martyrdom</kwd><kwd>shahadat</kwd><kwd>shahid</kwd><kwd>sacrificial death</kwd><kwd>castes</kwd><kwd>cults</kwd><kwd>India</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group xml:lang="ru"><funding-statement>Работа выполнена в рамках проекта РНФ № 22-28-00505: «Особые миры» Индии: малые народы и социальные группы. Этнокультурные стратегии сохранения и сглаживания различий (руководитель С. И. 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