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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">religion</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Государство, религия, церковь в России и за рубежом</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>State, Religion and Church in Russia and Worldwide</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2073-7203</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2073-7211</issn><publisher><publisher-name>РАНХиГС</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.22394/2073-7203-2024-42-3-27-59</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">religion-16</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ТЕМА НОМЕРА: СОВЕТСКИЕ ИКОНЫ: СОЦИАЛЬНЫЙ, МАТЕРИАЛЬНЫЙ И РЕЛИГИОЗНЫЙ ФЕНОМЕН ЭПОХИ СССР</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>THE THEME OF THE ISSUE: SOVIET ICONS: SOCIAL, MATERIAL AND RELIGIOUS PHENOMENA FROM THE SOVIET PERIOD</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Святой коллаж: образы, реликвии и риторика небесного присутствия</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>A Holy Collage: Images, Relics and Rhetoric of Divine Presence</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4367-5887</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Майзульс</surname><given-names>М. Р.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Maizuls</surname><given-names>M. R.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Михаил Романович Майзульс — старший научный сотрудник УНЦ визуальных исследований Средневековья и Нового времени факультета культурологии</p><p>Москва</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Mikhail R. Maizuls — Senior Research Fellow at the Center for Visual Studiesof the Medieval and Modern Culture</p><p>Moscow</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">maizuls@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru">РГГУ<country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en">Russian State University for the Humanities<country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2024</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>23</day><month>01</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>42</volume><issue>3</issue><fpage>27</fpage><lpage>59</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Майзульс М.Р., 2025</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Майзульс М.Р.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Maizuls M.R.</copyright-holder><license license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://religion.ranepa.ru/jour/article/view/16">https://religion.ranepa.ru/jour/article/view/16</self-uri><abstract><p>Статья посвящена позднесредневековым «запертым садам» и композитным амулетам, известным как Breverl, которые получили распространение уже в Новое время. Формы, размеры и функции этих религиозных образов‑объектов были различны. Однако их объединяет то, что и те, и другие создавали как своего рода коллажи — из элементов разного происхождения и назначения. Большинство из них исходно не предназначалось ни для этих складней, ни для амулетов и было в них использовано повторно. В центре «Садов» устанавливали небольшие фигуры святых, а вокруг обустраивали плотно заполненный мир из искусно сделанных цветов, фрагментов мощей, изображений, вырезанных из рукописей, паломнических значков, агнцев Божьих и т. д. В амулетах, наоборот, центр занимал «реликварий», в котором крошечные частицы мощей соседствовали с различными devotionalia. Он был завернут в несколько слоев бумаги с гравированными изображениями святых‑заступников, текстами молитв и защитными аббревиатурами. Цель статьи — проанализировать возможные функции и «модусы действенности» этих образов‑объектов; формы сочетания сакральных знаков‑индексов (мощей) и знаков‑икон (изображений); сходства и различия в их визуальной риторике; роль видимости и невидимости элементов. И «Запертые сады», и Breverl — это собрания сакральных объектов, которые встраиваются в четкий пространственный паттерн, где важную роль играет симметрия. При этом в «садах» знаки‑индексы и знаки‑иконы открыты взору и могут служить опорой для молитвенных практик и подразумевают тактильное соприкосновение. В амулетах и реликвии, и изображения, и тексты, наоборот, скрыты от взгляда и, как подразумевается, должны действовать автоматически, защищая того, кто носит этот свернутый мир с собой.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The article focuses on the late medieval “Enclosed Gardens” and the composite amulets known as Breverl, which became popular in the early Modernity. In spite of the differences of their forms, sizes and functions, both types of religious objects were created as collages — from elements of different origins and uses. What they have in common, however, is that both were created as a kind of collage — from the elements of different origin. Most of them were not intended either for the “gardens” or for amulets and were reused in them. In the center of the folding “gardens”, small figures of saints were set up, and around them a densely filled world of elaborately made flowers, fragments of relics, images cut from manuscripts, pilgrimage badges, Agnus Dei was arranged. In the amulets, on the contrary, the center was occupied by a miniscule “reliquary” in which tiny particles of relics were juxtaposed with various devotionalia. It was wrapped in several layers of paper with engraved images of intercessor saints, texts of prayers and protective formulas. The aim of the article is to analyze the possible functions and the modus operandi of these image-objects; the combinations of sacred sign-indexes (relics) and sign-icons (images); similarities and differences in their visual rhetoric; and the role of visibility and invisibility of the elements. Both “Enclosed gardens” and Breverl are collections of sacred objects that are embedded in a clear spatial pattern where symmetry plays an important role. At the same time, in the “gardens” the sign-indexes and sign-icons are open to the eye and can support prayer practices and imply tactile contact. In amulets, both relics, images and texts, on the contrary, are hidden from view and are supposed to act “automatically”, protecting the one who touches and carries this enclosed world without seeing its powerful contents.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>«запертые сады»</kwd><kwd>амулеты</kwd><kwd>Breverl</kwd><kwd>моленные образы</kwd><kwd>модусы действенности</kwd><kwd>коллаж</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>«Enclosed Gardens»</kwd><kwd>amulets</kwd><kwd>Breverl</kwd><kwd>devotional images</kwd><kwd>modes of action</kwd><kwd>mixed media objects</kwd><kwd>collage</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Антонов Д. И. Советские иконы как исследовательский проект // Вестник РГГУ. Серия «Литературоведение. Языкознание. Культурология». 2022. № 9. С. 155–164.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Антонов Д. И. 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