<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">religion</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Государство, религия, церковь в России и за рубежом</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>State, Religion and Church in Russia and Worldwide</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2073-7203</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2073-7211</issn><publisher><publisher-name>РАНХиГС</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.22394/2073-7203-2022-40-2-41-62</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">religion-113</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ГЛАВНАЯ ТЕМА: РЕЛИГИЯ В КИТАЕ И СОПРЕДЕЛЬНЫХ СТРАНАХ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>MAIN THEME: RELIGION IN CHINA AND NEIGHBORING COUNTRIES</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Далай-лама — светский правитель или религиозный иерарх? Политические аспекты тибетского буддизма</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>The Dalai Lama — A Lay Ruler or a Religious Hierarch? Political Aspects of the Tibetan Buddhism</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Гарри</surname><given-names>И.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Garri</surname><given-names>I.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Ирина Гарри — ведущий научный сотрудник</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Irina Garri — Senior Research Fellow</p><p>Ulan- Ude</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">irina.garri@imbt.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Институт монголоведения, буддологии и тибетологии Сибирского отделения РАН</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Institute for Mongolian, Buddhist and Tibetan Studies, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2022</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>17</day><month>02</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>40</volume><issue>2</issue><fpage>41</fpage><lpage>62</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Гарри И., 2025</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Гарри И.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Garri I.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://religion.ranepa.ru/jour/article/view/113">https://religion.ranepa.ru/jour/article/view/113</self-uri><abstract><p>В статье рассматриваются политические аспекты тибетского буддизма на примере института Далай-лам Тибета. Автор анализирует традиционные политические концепции, существовавшие в империи Цин, как-то: «мир Китая и варваров (хуа-и)», «буддийский наставник и светский покровитель (чойон)», «единение религии и политики (chos srid zung ‘brel)» и «наша великая Цин (manu yeke cing)»; рассматривает статус Далай-лам Тибета в контексте их взаимоотношений с Китаем; делает оценку современных проблем, связанных с институтом тибетских перерожденцев. Автор приходит к выводу, что политическая фрагментарность Тибета, связанная с естественной природой тибетского плато, препятствовала созданию в Тибете централизованного светского государства, и только внешняя сила в лице монголов-хошутов и маньчжуров смогла изменить баланс сил в пользу религиозной группировки гелукпы. Далай-ламы Тибета были изначально иерархами только одной из школ тибетского буддизма, однако создание Далай-ламой V концепции «единства религии и политики» и существование де-факто независимого тибетского государства под руководством Далай-ламы XIII способствовали формированию у тибетцев национализма, сконцентрированного вокруг института Далай-лам.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The article examines the political aspects of Tibetan Buddhism built around the institution of the Dalai Lamas of Tibet. The author analyzes the traditional political concepts that existed in the Qing empire, such as: “the world of China and barbarians (huayi)”, “Buddhist master and secular patron (mchodyon)”, “unity of religion and politics (chos srid zung ‘brel)” and “our great Qing (manu yeke cing).” The author then ex‑ amines the status of the Dalai Lamas of Tibet in the context of their re‑ lationship with China. The political fragmentation of Tibet, connected with the natural background of the Tibetan plateau, prevented the cre‑ ation of a centralized secular state in Tibet, and only an external force such as the Khoshut Mongols or Manchus could change the balance of power in favor of the Gelukpa religious school, headed by the Dalai La‑ mas. The creation of the concept of “unity of religion and politics” by the Fifth Dalai Lama in the 17th century and the existence of the de facto independent Tibetan state under the leadership of the Thirteenth Dalai Lama in the early 20th century contributed to the formation of Tibetan nationalism centered around the institution of Dalai Lamas.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>Тибет</kwd><kwd>Китай</kwd><kwd>Монголия</kwd><kwd>Далай-лама</kwd><kwd>тибетский буддизм</kwd><kwd>сино-тибетские взаимоотношения</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>Tibet</kwd><kwd>China</kwd><kwd>Mongolia</kwd><kwd>Dalai Lamas</kwd><kwd>Tibetan Buddhism</kwd><kwd>Sino-Tibetan relations</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Исследование выполнено за счет гранта Российского научного фонда № 22-18- 20001, https://rscf.ru/project/22-18-20001/.</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Андреев А. Тибет в политике царско, советско и постсоветско России. СПб.: Изд-во С.- Петербург. ун-та, 2006.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Андреев А. Тибет в политике царско, советско и постсоветско России. СПб.: Изд-во С.- Петербург. ун-та, 2006.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Арджа Лобсанг Тубден. Жизнь Арджа-ринпоче и секрет золотой урны/пер. с кит., вступ. ст., прим., индекс И.Р. Гарри. Улан-Удэ: Буряад-Монгол Ном, 2018.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Арджа Лобсанг Тубден. Жизнь Арджа-ринпоче и секрет золотой урны/пер. с кит., вступ. ст., прим., индекс И.Р. Гарри. Улан-Удэ: Буряад-Монгол Ном, 2018.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Гарри И. Культ Авалокитешвары и конкурирующие национализмы сино-тибетского пограничья (1911—1951 гг.) // Государство, религия, церковь в России и за рубежом. 2020. № 1 (38). С. 13–36.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Гарри И. Культ Авалокитешвары и конкурирующие национализмы сино-тибетского пограничья (1911—1951 гг.) // Государство, религия, церковь в России и за рубежом. 2020. № 1 (38). С. 13–36.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Далайлама Шестой. Песни Шестого Далай-ламы, жизнеописание Цанъянг Гьяцо, составленное из стихотворных отрывков, перевод с тибетского, предисловие и приложение А.В. Зорина. М.: Открытый мир, 2007.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Далайлама Шестой. Песни Шестого Далай-ламы, жизнеописание Цанъянг Гьяцо, составленное из стихотворных отрывков, перевод с тибетского, предисловие и приложение А.В. Зорина. М.: Открытый мир, 2007.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">КоллмарПауленц К. Свет Дхармы против тумана тьмы. Тибетское восприятие монголов и формирование новой монгольской идентичности в начале XVII века. //Tartaria Magna. 2011. № 1. С. 86–103.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">КоллмарПауленц К. Свет Дхармы против тумана тьмы. Тибетское восприятие монголов и формирование новой монгольской идентичности в начале XVII века. //Tartaria Magna. 2011. № 1. С. 86–103.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Кузьмин С. Вассалитет на Западе и Востоке: проблема отношений империи Цин с Монголией и Тибетом //Восток (Oriens). 2019. № 1. С. 39–54.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Кузьмин С. Вассалитет на Западе и Востоке: проблема отношений империи Цин с Монголией и Тибетом //Восток (Oriens). 2019. № 1. С. 39–54.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Кычанов Е., Мельниченко Б. История Тибета с древнейших времен до наших дне. М.: Вост. лит., 2005.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Кычанов Е., Мельниченко Б. История Тибета с древнейших времен до наших дне. М.: Вост. лит., 2005.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Мартынов А. Статус Тибета в XVII–XVIII веках. М.: Главная редакция восточной литературы изд-ва «Наука», 1978.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Мартынов А. Статус Тибета в XVII–XVIII веках. М.: Главная редакция восточной литературы изд-ва «Наука», 1978.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Миндай Сицзан шиляо (Материалы по истории Тибета при династии Мин) / Под ред. Д. Тамура, Х. Сато. Киото, 1959.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Миндай Сицзан шиляо (Материалы по истории Тибета при династии Мин) / Под ред. Д. Тамура, Х. Сато. Киото, 1959.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Родионов В. Четырнадцатый Далай-лама и споры о национальных интересах Монголии//Буддизм и национализм во Внутренней Азии. Улан-Удэ: Буряад-Монгол Ном, 2021.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Родионов В. Четырнадцатый Далай-лама и споры о национальных интересах Монголии//Буддизм и национализм во Внутренней Азии. Улан-Удэ: Буряад-Монгол Ном, 2021.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Россия и Тибет: сборник русских архивных документов, 1900–1914. Ин-т востоковедения; Ин-т Дал. Востока. М.: Вост. лит., 2005.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Россия и Тибет: сборник русских архивных документов, 1900–1914. Ин-т востоковедения; Ин-т Дал. Востока. М.: Вост. лит., 2005.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Цендина А. … и страна зовется Тибетом. М.: Вост. лит., 2006.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Цендина А. … и страна зовется Тибетом. М.: Вост. лит., 2006.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Цыремпилов Н. Буддизм и империя. Бурятская буддийская община в России (XVIII — нач. XX в.). Улан-Удэ: Буряад-Монгол Ном, 2013.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Цыремпилов Н. Буддизм и империя. Бурятская буддийская община в России (XVIII — нач. XX в.). Улан-Удэ: Буряад-Монгол Ном, 2013.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Andreev, A. (2006) Tibet v politike tsarskoi, sovetskoi i postsovetskoi Rossii [Tibet in the policy of Tsarist, Soviet and Post-Soviet Russia]. St. Petersburg State University Press.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Andreev, A. (2006) Tibet v politike tsarskoi, sovetskoi i postsovetskoi Rossii [Tibet in the policy of Tsarist, Soviet and Post-Soviet Russia]. St. Petersburg State University Press.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Arjia Lobsang Tubden (2018) Zhisn Arjiarinpoche i secret zolotoi urny [Life of Arjia Rinpoche and the Secret of the Golden Urn]. Ulan-Ude: Buryad-Mongol Nom.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Arjia Lobsang Tubden (2018) Zhisn Arjiarinpoche i secret zolotoi urny [Life of Arjia Rinpoche and the Secret of the Golden Urn]. Ulan-Ude: Buryad-Mongol Nom.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Beckwith, C. (1987) “The Tibetans in the Ordos and North China: Considerations on the Role of the Tibetan Empire in World History”, in C.I. Beckwith (ed.) Silver on Lapis: Tibetan Literary Culture and History, pp. 3–12. Bloomington: The Tibet Society.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Beckwith, C. (1987) “The Tibetans in the Ordos and North China: Considerations on the Role of the Tibetan Empire in World History”, in C.I. Beckwith (ed.) Silver on Lapis: Tibetan Literary Culture and History, pp. 3–12. Bloomington: The Tibet Society.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bulag, U. (2010) Collaborative Nationalism: The Politics of Friendship on China’s Mongolian Frontier. Rowman &amp; Littlefield Publishers, Inc.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bulag, U. (2010) Collaborative Nationalism: The Politics of Friendship on China’s Mongolian Frontier. Rowman &amp; Littlefield Publishers, Inc.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Dalai Lama (1990) Freedom in Exile. New York: Harper.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dalai Lama (1990) Freedom in Exile. New York: Harper.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Dalai Lama VI (2007) Pesni Shestogo Dalai Lami, zhizneopisanie Tsangianga Giatso, sostavlennoe iz stihotvornikh otrivkov [Songs of the Six Dalai Lama, biography of Tsangyang Gyatso, translated from Tibetan]. Moscow: Otkritiy mir.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dalai Lama VI (2007) Pesni Shestogo Dalai Lami, zhizneopisanie Tsangianga Giatso, sostavlennoe iz stihotvornikh otrivkov [Songs of the Six Dalai Lama, biography of Tsangyang Gyatso, translated from Tibetan]. Moscow: Otkritiy mir.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Dreyfus, J. (2005) “Are We Prisoners of Shangrila? Orientalism, Nationalism, and the Study of Tibet”, Journal of the International Association of Tibetan Studies: 1-21 [http://www.thlib.org/static/reprints/jiats/01/pdfs/dreyfusJIATS_01_2005.pdf, accessed on 05.09.2019].</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dreyfus, J. (2005) “Are We Prisoners of Shangrila? Orientalism, Nationalism, and the Study of Tibet”, Journal of the International Association of Tibetan Studies: 1-21 [http://www.thlib.org/static/reprints/jiats/01/pdfs/dreyfusJIATS_01_2005.pdf, accessed on 05.09.2019].</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Elliott, M. (2001) The Manchu Way: The Eight Banners and Ethnic Identity in Late Imperial China. Stanford: Stanford University Press.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Elliott, M. (2001) The Manchu Way: The Eight Banners and Ethnic Identity in Late Imperial China. Stanford: Stanford University Press.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Elverskog, J. (2006) “Two Buddhisms in Contemporary Mongolia”, Contemporary Buddhism 7(1): 29—46.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Elverskog, J. (2006) “Two Buddhisms in Contemporary Mongolia”, Contemporary Buddhism 7(1): 29—46.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Elverskog, J. (2006) Our Great Qing: The Mongols, Buddhism and the State in Late Imperial China. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Elverskog, J. (2006) Our Great Qing: The Mongols, Buddhism and the State in Late Imperial China. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Elverskog, J. (2011) “Wutai Shan, Qing Cosmopolitanism, and the Mongols”, Journal of the International Association of Tibetan Studies 6: 256–261.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Elverskog, J. (2011) “Wutai Shan, Qing Cosmopolitanism, and the Mongols”, Journal of the International Association of Tibetan Studies 6: 256–261.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Garri, I. (2020) “Kult Avolokiteshvari i konkurirushiyesya nazionalizmi sino-tibetskogo prigranichya” [Avalokiteśvara Cult and Competing Nationalisms of the SinoTibetan Borderland], Gosudarstvo, religiia, tserkov’ v Rossii i za rubezhom 38(1): 13–36.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Garri, I. (2020) “Kult Avolokiteshvari i konkurirushiyesya nazionalizmi sino-tibetskogo prigranichya” [Avalokiteśvara Cult and Competing Nationalisms of the SinoTibetan Borderland], Gosudarstvo, religiia, tserkov’ v Rossii i za rubezhom 38(1): 13–36.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Goldstein, M. (1989) A History of Modern Tibet, 1913—1951: The Demise of the Lamaist State. Berkeley: University of California.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Goldstein, M. (1989) A History of Modern Tibet, 1913—1951: The Demise of the Lamaist State. Berkeley: University of California.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Goldstein, M. (1997) The Snow Lion and the Dragon. China, Tibet and the Dalai Lama. Berkeley: University of California Press.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Goldstein, M. (1997) The Snow Lion and the Dragon. China, Tibet and the Dalai Lama. Berkeley: University of California Press.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit28"><label>28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hobsbawm, E. (1990) Nations and Nationalism since 1780: Programme, Myth, Reality. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hobsbawm, E. (1990) Nations and Nationalism since 1780: Programme, Myth, Reality. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit29"><label>29</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kichanov, Ye., Melnichenko, B. (2005) Istoriia Tibeta s drevneishikh vremen do nashikh dnei [History of Tibet from the ancient times to nowadays]. Moscow: Vostochnaia literatura.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kichanov, Ye., Melnichenko, B. (2005) Istoriia Tibeta s drevneishikh vremen do nashikh dnei [History of Tibet from the ancient times to nowadays]. Moscow: Vostochnaia literatura.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit30"><label>30</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kim, H. (2018) Renaissance Man From Amdo: The Life and Scholarship of the Eighteenth Century Amdo Scholar Sum pa Mkhan po Ye shes dpal ’byor (1704–1788). PhD Dissertation. Cambridge: Harvard University.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kim, H. (2018) Renaissance Man From Amdo: The Life and Scholarship of the Eighteenth Century Amdo Scholar Sum pa Mkhan po Ye shes dpal ’byor (1704–1788). PhD Dissertation. Cambridge: Harvard University.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit31"><label>31</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kollmar-Paulenz, K. (2011) “Svet Dharmi protiv tumana t’mi. Tibetskoe vospriiatie mongolov i formirovanie novoi mongolskoi identichnosti v nachale XVII veka” [Light of Dharma against the fog of darkness. Tibetan perception of Mongols and the formation of the new Mongol identity at the beginning of the 17th century], Tartaria Magna 1: 86–103.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kollmar-Paulenz, K. (2011) “Svet Dharmi protiv tumana t’mi. Tibetskoe vospriiatie mongolov i formirovanie novoi mongolskoi identichnosti v nachale XVII veka” [Light of Dharma against the fog of darkness. Tibetan perception of Mongols and the formation of the new Mongol identity at the beginning of the 17th century], Tartaria Magna 1: 86–103.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit32"><label>32</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kuzmin, S. (2019) “Vassalitet na Zapade i Vostoke: problema otnoshenii imperii Qing s Mongoliei i Tibetom” [The problem of vassalage in the West and the East: relations of the Qing Empire with Mongolia and Tibet], Vostok (Oriens) 1: 39–54.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kuzmin, S. (2019) “Vassalitet na Zapade i Vostoke: problema otnoshenii imperii Qing s Mongoliei i Tibetom” [The problem of vassalage in the West and the East: relations of the Qing Empire with Mongolia and Tibet], Vostok (Oriens) 1: 39–54.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit33"><label>33</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Martinov, A. (1978) Status Tibeta v XVII–XVIII vekakh [Status of Tibet in the 17th–18th centuries]. Moscow: Glavnaia redaktsiia vostochnoi literaturi izdatelstva “Nauka”.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Martinov, A. (1978) Status Tibeta v XVII–XVIII vekakh [Status of Tibet in the 17th–18th centuries]. Moscow: Glavnaia redaktsiia vostochnoi literaturi izdatelstva “Nauka”.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit34"><label>34</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Regulations of the Republic of China Concerning Rule Over Tibet (1912–1949). Beijing: China Intercontinental Press.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Regulations of the Republic of China Concerning Rule Over Tibet (1912–1949). Beijing: China Intercontinental Press.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit35"><label>35</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rodionov V. (2021) “Chetirnadtsatii Dalai-lama i spory o natsionalnykh interesakh Mongolii” [Fourteenth Dalai Lama and dispute over the national interests of Mongolia], in Buddizm i nazionalizm vo Vnutrennei Azii, pp. 169–185. Ulan-Ude: Buryad-Mongol Nom.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rodionov V. (2021) “Chetirnadtsatii Dalai-lama i spory o natsionalnykh interesakh Mongolii” [Fourteenth Dalai Lama and dispute over the national interests of Mongolia], in Buddizm i nazionalizm vo Vnutrennei Azii, pp. 169–185. Ulan-Ude: Buryad-Mongol Nom.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit36"><label>36</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rossiia i Tibet: sbornik russkikh arhivnikh dokumentov, 1900–1914 [Russia and Tibet: a collection of the Russian archival documents, 1900–1914]. Moskva: Vostochnaya literatura.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rossiia i Tibet: sbornik russkikh arhivnikh dokumentov, 1900–1914 [Russia and Tibet: a collection of the Russian archival documents, 1900–1914]. Moskva: Vostochnaya literatura.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit37"><label>37</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ruegg, S. (2004) “Introductory remarks on the Spiritual and Temporal orders”, in Ch. Cüppers (ed.) The Relationship Between Religion and State (chos srid zung ‘brel) In Traditional Tibet, pp. 9–13. Lumbini: Lumbini International Research Institute.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ruegg, S. (2004) “Introductory remarks on the Spiritual and Temporal orders”, in Ch. Cüppers (ed.) The Relationship Between Religion and State (chos srid zung ‘brel) In Traditional Tibet, pp. 9–13. Lumbini: Lumbini International Research Institute.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit38"><label>38</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ruegg, S. (1991) “Mchod yon, yon mchod and mchod gnas / yon gnas. On the Historiography and Semantics of a Tibetan Religio-Political Concept”, in Tibetan History and Language: Studies dedicated to Uray Geza on his Seventieth Birthday, pp. 441–453. Vienna: ATBSC.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ruegg, S. (1991) “Mchod yon, yon mchod and mchod gnas / yon gnas. On the Historiography and Semantics of a Tibetan Religio-Political Concept”, in Tibetan History and Language: Studies dedicated to Uray Geza on his Seventieth Birthday, pp. 441–453. Vienna: ATBSC.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit39"><label>39</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Samuel, G. (1982) “Tibet as a Stateless Society and Some Islamic Parallels”, Journal of Asian Studies XLI (2): 215–229.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Samuel, G. (1982) “Tibet as a Stateless Society and Some Islamic Parallels”, Journal of Asian Studies XLI (2): 215–229.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit40"><label>40</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Samuel, G. (1993) Civilized shamans. Buddhism in Tibetan societies. Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Samuel, G. (1993) Civilized shamans. Buddhism in Tibetan societies. Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit41"><label>41</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Schwieger, P. (2013) “History as Myth: On the Appropriation of the Past in Tibetan Culture: An Essay in Cultural Studies”, in G. Tuttle, K. Schaeffer (eds) The Tibetan History Reader, pp. 64–85. New York: Columbia University Press.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Schwieger, P. (2013) “History as Myth: On the Appropriation of the Past in Tibetan Culture: An Essay in Cultural Studies”, in G. Tuttle, K. Schaeffer (eds) The Tibetan History Reader, pp. 64–85. New York: Columbia University Press.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit42"><label>42</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Tsendina A. (2005) …i strana zovetsia Tibetom […and a country is called Tibet]. Moskva: Vostochnaia literatura.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tsendina A. (2005) …i strana zovetsia Tibetom […and a country is called Tibet]. Moskva: Vostochnaia literatura.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit43"><label>43</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Tshering Chonzom (2015) “The Dalai Lama’s Reincarnation Debate: Unravelling Hype, Identifying Interests”, China Report 51(3): 258–269.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tshering Chonzom (2015) “The Dalai Lama’s Reincarnation Debate: Unravelling Hype, Identifying Interests”, China Report 51(3): 258–269.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit44"><label>44</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Tsyrempilov N. (2013) Buddizm i imperiya. Buryatskaya buddiyskaya obshina v Rossii (XVIII — nach. XX v.) [Buddhism and empire. Buryat Buddhist community in Russia (18th — beginning of the 20th century)]. Ulan-Ude: Buryad-Mongol Nom.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tsyrempilov N. (2013) Buddizm i imperiya. Buryatskaya buddiyskaya obshina v Rossii (XVIII — nach. XX v.) [Buddhism and empire. Buryat Buddhist community in Russia (18th — beginning of the 20th century)]. Ulan-Ude: Buryad-Mongol Nom.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit45"><label>45</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wylie, T. (1977) “The First Mongol Conquest of Tibet Reinterpreted”, Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies 37(1): 103–133.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wylie, T. (1977) “The First Mongol Conquest of Tibet Reinterpreted”, Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies 37(1): 103–133.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit46"><label>46</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Yudru Tsomu (2014) The Rise of Gönpo Namgyal in Kham: The Blind Warrior of Nyarong. Lexington Books.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Yudru Tsomu (2014) The Rise of Gönpo Namgyal in Kham: The Blind Warrior of Nyarong. Lexington Books.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
