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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">religion</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Государство, религия, церковь в России и за рубежом</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>State, Religion and Church in Russia and Worldwide</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2073-7203</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2073-7211</issn><publisher><publisher-name>РАНХиГС</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.22394/2073-7203-2022-40-1-58-88</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">religion-110</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ГЛАВНАЯ ТЕМА: МУЧЕНИЧЕСТВО: ИДЕЯ, КУЛЬТ, ТЕОРИЯ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>THE THEME OF THE ISSUE: MARTYRDOM: IDEA, CULT, THEORY</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>«Они падут в величии нездешнем»: раннесоветский культ мучеников революции</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>“They Will Fall in the Unearthly Grandeur”: The Early Soviet Cult of Martyrs of the Revolution</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Малышева</surname><given-names>С.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Malysheva</surname><given-names>S.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Светлана Малышева — профессор</p><p>Казань</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Svetlana Malysheva — Professor</p><p>Kazan</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">Svetlana.Malycheva@kpfu.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru">Казанский (Приволжский) федеральный университет<country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en">Kazan (Volga Region) Federal University<country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2022</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>13</day><month>02</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>40</volume><issue>1</issue><fpage>58</fpage><lpage>88</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Малышева С., 2025</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Малышева С.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Malysheva S.</copyright-holder><license license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://religion.ranepa.ru/jour/article/view/110">https://religion.ranepa.ru/jour/article/view/110</self-uri><abstract><p>Рассматриваемый в статье секулярный культ павших героев — мучеников революции стал важнейшей составляющей большевистской исторической мифологии раннесоветского времени (1917–1920-е годы). Этот культ вполне очевидно являл религиозное происхождение и ряд отличий от культа героев более позднего советского времени. Раннее революционное мученичество — с Февраля 1917 года и в первые месяцы после Октября 1917 года складывалось как феномен коллективный и — в значительной степени — анонимный, символический. Эти черты проявились и в ранних мартириумах — братских могилах на Марсовом поле в Петрограде и у Кремлевской стены в Москве. Однако создание большевиками по религиозным образцам собственного, революционного секулярного пантеона очень быстро индивидуализирует мученичество, формирует критерии причисления к нему. Приметами индивидуализации стало составление мартирологов, складывание практик почитания мест захоронения мучеников. Культ мучеников обретает и «интернациональный» характер — через включение в пантеон также жертв революционных событий в Европе. Формировавшиеся дискурсивные тропы описания героической мученической смерти первоначально нормализовывали лишь насильственную смерть от рук врага. Однако после окончания гражданской войны складывающаяся языковая ритуализация позволяла героизировать обстоятельства смерти: к мученикам оказываются причислимы умершие от болезней, несчастного случая, даже суициденты. Постепенно число героев редуцируется, а спектр их типов, напротив, расширяется. Герой-мученик занимает все более скромное место в иерархии героев, а тропы описания мученичества упрощаются и стандартизируются, биографии спрямляются и обретают скорее символическую, чем индивидуальную форму.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The secular cult of the fallen heroes — martyrs of the revolution became the most important component of the Bolshevik historical mythology of the early Soviet period (1917–1920s). This cult clearly showed a religious origin and a number of differences from the cult of heroes of the later Soviet era. The early revolutionary martyrdom, from February 1917 and the first months after October 1917, developed as a collective and largely anonymous, symbolic phenomenon. These features were also evident in the early martyriums, the mass graves on the Field of Mars in Petrograd and near the Kremlin Wall in Moscow. However, the Bolsheviks’ creation of their own, revolutionary secular pantheon based on religious models later individualized martyrdom and developed its special criteria. A sign of individualization was the compilation of martyrologies and the formation of practices of veneration of martyrs’ burial places. The cult of martyrs acquired an international character through inclusion in the pantheon of the victims of revolutionary events in Europe. The discursive tropes formed to describe heroic martyrdom initially normalized only violent death at the hands of the enemy. After the end of the Civil War, however, the emerging linguistic ritualization allowed for the heroization of the circumstances of death: those who died of illness, accidents, even suicides were counted as martyrs. Gradually the number of heroes was reduced while the range of their types was, on the contrary, expanded. The martyr hero took an increasingly modest place in the hierarchy of heroes, the tropes of describing martyrdom were simplified and standardized, and their biographies were straightened and taken on a symbolic rather than an individual form.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>мученики</kwd><kwd>Российская революция</kwd><kwd>гражданская война в России</kwd><kwd>культ павших героев</kwd><kwd>религия</kwd><kwd>идеология</kwd><kwd>смерть</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>martyrs</kwd><kwd>Russian Revolution</kwd><kwd>Russian Civil War</kwd><kwd>cult of the fallen heroes</kwd><kwd>religion</kwd><kwd>ideology</kwd><kwd>death</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Андреева Л. А. Секулярная святость: культ революционных мучеников в российской истории // Диалог со временем. 2018. Вып. 64. 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