2024
2023
2022
2021
2020
2019
2018
2017
2016
Fertility among Muslims in Today’s World: Key Tendencies and Factors (Overview of Studies and a Case Study)
ru
Review Article
AbstractFull textReferencesFilesAuthorsAltmetrics
Konstantin Kazenin (Director of the Center for Regional Studies and Urbanism of the Institute of Applied Economic Research of RANEPA; Senior Researcher at the E. T. Gaidar Institute for Economic Policy)
RANEPA
Gaidar Institute for Economic Policy
The paper considers the impact of religion on birth rates among Muslim communities of today’s world. The first section contains a brief overview of fertility trends in countries where Muslims constituted the majority by the early twenty-first century. It is shown that, despite a significant decrease of fertility in those countries, in most of them it has not reached the low levels observed in Europe and North America. Then an overview of studies on fertility among Muslims is offered. These studies mainly consider three hypotheses about the impact of religion upon fertility: the “characteristics hypothesis,” the “norms hypothesis” and the “minorities hypothesis.” Most of these studies show that Islamic norms by themselves are not a factor of higher fertility. Nevertheless, birth rate can be higher in communities where some form of religious ideology plays an important role. At the same time, higher fertility of Muslims is often explained by “traditionalism” in family organization. However, this factor of‘family traditionalism” is also valid for other religions. The second section of the paper is a case-study of a Russian region with a Muslim majority, the Republic of Karachay-Cherkesia. The analysis of a survey conducted in 2018 shows that higher fertility is associated with some parameters of personal religiosity of women. The survey results are compared with other studies of Muslims in different parts of the world.
Keywords: fertility, islam, family planning, abortion, gender relations, рождаемость, ислам, планирование семьи, аборты, гендерные отношения
Белозеров С.В. Этническая карта Северного Кавказа. М.: О. Г.И., 2005.
Бурдяк А. Я. Применение метода "анализа наступления события" (event history analysis) с помощью пакета SPSS // Spero. 2007. № 6. C. 189-202.
Казенин К. И. Рождаемость в семьях мигрантов: данные, гипотезы, модели (обзор зарубежных исследований) // Демографическое обозрение. 2017. № 4(4). С. 6-79.
Казенин К. И. Традиционализм семейного уклада и возрастные характеристики брачности: о чем говорит пример Карачаево-Черкесии? // Демографическое обозрение. 2019. № 6(3). С. 98-127.
Казенин К. И., Козлов В. А. (2017) Особенности брачно-репродуктивного поведения населения в Республике Дагестан: их причины и социально-экономические последствия // Вестник Института экономики РАН. 2017. №2. C. 65-81.
Казенин К. И., Сороко Е. Л. Демографическая модернизация и возраст вступления в первый брак у народов Северного Кавказа // Демографическое обозрение. 2021. № 8(2). C. 95-127.
Казенин К. И., Козлов В. А., Митрофанова Е. С. Как изменения гендерных и межпоколенческих отношений влияют на демографическое поведение? Случай Ингушетии // Мониторинг общественного мнения: экономические и социальные перемены. 2020. № 4. C. 342-365.
Кратов Е., Кратова Н. Ислам в Карачаево-Черкесской Республике // Россия и мусульманский мир. 2009. № 10. C. 39-46.
Лункин Р. Н., Филатов С. Б. Ислам в Карачаево-Черкесии: традиции и межнациональный диалог // Научно-аналитический вестник Института Европы РАН. 2018. № 1. С. 261-267.
Стародубровская И. В. Кризис традиционной северокавказской семьи в постсоветский период и его социальные последствия // Журнал исследований социальной политики. 2019. № 17(1). C. 37-54.
Al Zalak, Z., Goujon, A. (2017) "Exploring the Fertility Trend in Egypt", Demographic Research 37: 995-1030.
Belozerov, S. V. (2005) Etnicheskaia karta Severnogo Kavkaza [Ethnic map of the North Caucasus]. M.: O. G.I.
Burdyak, S. V. (2007) "Primenenie metoda "analiza nastupleniia sobytiia" s pomoshch'iu paketa SPSS" [Using the method of event history analysis with the SPSS package], SPERO 6: 189-202.
Cain, M., Khanam, S. R., Nahar, Sh. (1979) "Class, Patriarchy, and Women's Work in Bangladesh", Population and Development Review 5: 405-438.
Capelli, I. (2019) "Non-Marital Pregnancies and Unmarried Women's Search for Illegal Abortion in Morocco", Health and Human Rights 21(2): 33-46.
Casterline, J. B., Sathar, Z. A., ul Haque, M. (2001) "Obstacles to Contraceptive Use in Pakistan: A Study in Punjab", Studies in Family Planning 32(2): 95-110.
Cetorelli, V., Leone, T. (2012) "Is Fertility Stalling in Jordan?", Demographic Research 26: 293-318.
Chamie, J. (1986) "Polygyny among Arabs", Population Studies 40(1): 55-66.
Courbage, Y. (2015) "The Political Dimensions of Fertility Decrease and Family Transformation in the Arab Context", DIFI Family Research and Proceedings 3.
Dharmalingam, A., Morgan, P. S. (2004) "Pervasive Muslim-Hindu Fertility Differences in India", Demography 41(3): 529-545.
Dyson, T., Moore, M. (1983) "On Kinship Structure, Female Autonomy, and Demographic Behavior in India", Population and Development Review 9(1): 35-60.
Eltigani, E. E. (2009) "Toward Replacement Fertility in Egypt and Tunisia", Studies in Family Planning 40(3): 215-226.
Goldscheider, C. (2006) "Religion, Family, and Fertility: What do We Know Historically and Comparatively?", in R. Derosas, F. van Poppel (eds) Religion and the Decline of Fertility in the Western World, pp. 41-57. Springer.
Hatun, D., Warner, D. F. (2021) "Disentangling the Roles of Modernization and Secularization on Fertility: The Case of Turkey", Population Research and Policy Review 41: 1161-1189.
Hoodfar, H., Assadpour, S. (2000) "The Politics of Population Policy in the Islamic Republic of Iran", Studies in Family Planning 31(1): 19-34.
Johnson-Hanks, J. (2006) "On the Politics and Practice of Muslim Fertility", Medical Anthropology Quarterly 20(1): 12-30.
Jones, G. W. (2006) "A Demographic Perspective of the Muslim World", Journal of Population Research 23(2): 243-265.
Kaufmann, E. (2008) "Islamism, Religiosity and Fertility in the Muslim World", paper presented at the European Population Conference, Barcelona, Spain, July 9-12.
Kazenin, K., Kozlov, V. (2020) "What Factors Support the Early Age Patterns of Fertility in a Developing Country: The Case of Kyrgyzstan", Vienna Yearbook of Population Research 18: 185-213.
Kazenin, K. I. (2017) "Rozhdaemost' v semiakh migrantov: dannye, gipotezy, modeli" [Fertility in migrant families: data, hypotheses, models], Demograficheskoe obozrenie 4: 6-79.
Kazenin, K. I. (2019) "Traditsionalizm semeinogo uklada i vozrastnye kharakteristiki brach-nosti: o chjom govorit primer Karachaevo-Cherkesii" [Family traditionalism and age at marriage: what does the case of Karachay-Cherkessia show?], Demografich-eskoe obozrenie 3: 98-127.
Kazenin, K. I., Kozlov, V.A. (2017) "Osobennosti brachno-reproductivnogo povedeniia naseleniia v Respublike Daghestan: ikh prichiny i sotsial'no-ekonomicheskie pos-ledstviia" [Specificity of nuptiality and fertility in the Republic of Daghestan: its reasons and socio-economic consequences], Vestnik Instituta Ekonomiki RAN 2: 65-81.
Kazenin, K. I., Kozlov, V. A., Mitrofanova E. S. (2020) "Kak izmeneniia gendernykh i mezhpokolencheskikh otnoshenii vliiaiut na demograficheskoe povedenie" [How do changes of gender and intergenerational relations effect demohtaphic behavior], Monotoring obshchestvennogo mnenija: ekonomicheskie i sociaVnye pere-meny 4.
Kazenin, K. I., Soroko, E. L. (2021) "Demograficheskaia modernizatsiia i vstuplenie v per-vyi brak u narodov Severnogo Kavkaza" [Demographic modernization and first marriage among ethnic groups of the North Caucasus], Demograficheskoe obozrenie 2: 95-127.
Knodel, J., Gray, R.S, Sriwatcharin, P., Peracca, S. (1999) "Religion and Reproduction: Muslims in Buddhist Thailand", Population Studies 53(2): 149-164.
Koenig, M., Ahmed, S., Hossain, M., Mozumder, A. (2003) "Women's Status and Domestic Violence in Rural Bangladesh: Individual- and Community-Level Effects", Demography 40(2): 269-288.
Kratov, E., Kratov, N. (2009) "Islam v Karachaevo-Cherkesskoj Respublike" [Islam in Karachay-Cherkess Republic], Rossija i musul'manskij mir, 10: 39-46.
Lunkin, R. N., Filatov S. B. (2019) "Islam v Karachaevo-Cherkesii: traditsii i mezhnatsional'nyi dialog [Islam in Karachay-Cherkessia: traditions and interethnic dialogue], Nauchno-analiticheskii vestnik Instituta Evropy RAN, 1.
Mehryar, A. (2005) "Shi'ite Teachings, Pragmatism and Fertility Change in Iran", in G. W. Jones, M. S. Karim (eds) Islam, the State and Population, pp. 118-156. London.
Morgan, S. P., Stash, S., Smith, H. L., Mason, K. O. (2002) "Muslim and Non-Muslim Differences in Female Autonomy and Fertility: Evidence from four Asian Countries", Population and Development Review 28(3): 515-537.
Obermeyer, C. M. (1992) "Islam, Women and Politics: the Demography of Arab Countries", Population and Development Review 18: 33-57.
Obermeyer, C. M. (1992) "Islam, Women, and Politics: The Demography of Arab Countries", Population and Development Review 18(1): 33-60.
Obermeyer, C. M. (1994) "Religious Doctrine, State Ideology, and Reproductive Options in Islam", in G. Sen, R. C. Snow (eds) Power and Decision: The Social Control of Reproduction, pp. 59-75. Boston: Harvard Center for Population and Development Studies.
Ouadah-Bedidi, Z., Vallin, J. (2012) "Fertility and Population Policy in Algeria: Discrepancies Between Planning and Outcomes", Population and Development Review 38: 179-196.
Salway, S. M. (2007) "Economic Activity Among UK Bangladeshi and Pakistani Women in the 1990s: Evidence for Continuity or Change in the Family Resources Survey", Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 33(5): 825-847.
Shapiro, G. K. (2014) "Abortion Law in Muslim-Majority Countries: An Overview of the Islamic Discourse with Policy Implications", Health Policy and Planning 29(4): 483-494.
Sobotka, T., Skirbekk, V., Philipov, D. (2011) "Economic Recession and Fertility in the Developed World", Population and Development Review 37(2): 267-306.
Starodubrovskaya, I. (2019) "Krisis traditsionnoi severokavkazskoi sem'i v postsovetskii period i ego sotsialniye posledstviia" [The crisis of the traditional North Caucasus family in the post-soviet period and its social consequences], Zhurnal issledovanii sotsialnoy politiki 1 (17): 39-56.
Stonawski, M., Potancokovâ, M., Cantele, M., Skirbekk, V. (2016) "The Changing Religious Composition of Nigeria: Causes and Implications of Demographic Divergence", The Journal of Modern African Studies 54(3): 361-387.
Stonawski, M., Potancokovâ, M., Skirbekk, V. (2016) "Fertility Patterns of Native and Migrant Muslims in Europe", Population, Space, and Place, 22: 552-567.
Tonnessen, L., Al-Nagar, S. (2019) "The Politicization of Abortion and Hippocratic Disobedience in Islamist Sudan", Health and Human Rights 21(2): 7-20.
Westoff, R., Freijka, T. (2007) "Religiousness and Fertility among European Muslims", Population and Development Review 33(4): 785-809.
© Article. Konstantin Kazenin, 2022.